Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑hðem-, g̑hðom-, genitive-ablative g̑h(ð)m-és 'earth, ground, soil, humus'
Semantic Field(s): Earth, Land, Ground, Soil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | duine | n | person, human being | GED/RPN |
| dú | n | place | GED/RPN | |
| Welsh: | dyn | n | human being | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brȳd(i)-guma | n.masc | bridegroom | ASD/GED |
| guma | n.wk.masc | man, human being | GED | |
| Middle English: | bridegome | n | bridegroom | W7 |
| camelion | n | chameleon | W7 | |
| homage | n | homage | W7 | |
| homicide | n | homicide | W7 | |
| humain | adj | human, humane | W7 | |
| humble | adj | humble | W7 | |
| English: | autochthon | n | one supposedly sprung from ground he inhabits | AHD/W7 |
| autochthonous | adj | native, indigenous, aboriginal | W7 | |
| bonhomie | n | geniality, good-natured easy friendliness | AHD/W7 | |
| bridegroom | n | man newly married/about to be married | AHD/W7 | |
| chamaephyte | n | perennial plant bearing winter buds near soil | AHD/W7 | |
| chameleon | n | Old World lizard with unusual ability to change skin color | AHD/W7 | |
| chamomile | n | aromatic perennial European herb | AHD | |
| chernozem | n | dark-colored zonal soil having deep rich humus | AHD/W7 | |
| chthonic | adj | infernal | AHD/W7 | |
| exhume | vb.trans | to disinter, dig up | AHD/W7 | |
| homage | n | ceremony where one acknowledges vassalship to lord | AHD/W7 | |
| hombre | n | guy, fellow | AHD/W7 | |
| homicide | n | one who kills another person | AHD/W7 | |
| hominid | n | bipedal primate mammal: mankind/immediate ancestors/related forms | AHD/W7 | |
| homo | n | primate mammal: mankind as single recent species | AHD/W7 | |
| homunculus | n.dim | manikin, little man | AHD/W7 | |
| human | adj/n | (re:) man, mankind | AHD/W7 | |
| humane | adj | marked by sympathy/compassion/consideration for others | AHD/W7 | |
| humble | adj | not proud/haughty, not arrogant/assertive | AHD/W7 | |
| humiliate | vb.trans | to mortify, reduce to lower social position | AHD/W7 | |
| humility | n | being humble | AHD/W7 | |
| humus | n | brown/black material resulting from plant/animal decomposition | AHD/W7 | |
| inhume | vb.trans | to bury, inter | AHD/W7 | |
| ombre | n | 3-handed card game | AHD/W7 | |
| omerta | n | rule/code enforcing silence | AHD | |
| sierozem | n | zonal group of soils characteristic of cool/temperate arid regions | AHD/W7 | |
| transhumance | n | seasonal livestock movement between mountain/lowland pastures | AHD/W7 | |
| zemstvo | n | local elective assembly in czarist Russia | AHD/CDC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | breid-goma | n.wk.masc | bridegroom | GED |
| goma | n | man, human being | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | brūdi-gumo | n.masc | bridegroom | GED |
| gumo | n.wk.masc | man, human being | GED/RPN | |
| Old High German: | brūti-gomo | n.masc | bridegroom | GED |
| gom(m)en, go(u)m-man, gam-man | n.wk.masc | man, human being | GED/RPN | |
| gomo, goma | n.wk.masc | man, human being | ASD/GED/RPN | |
| Middle High German: | gome | n.wk.masc | man, human being | GED |
| German: | Bräutigam | n.masc | bridegroom | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gumi | n.wk.masc | man, human being | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | Gymir | prop.n.masc | (name of) a giant | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | guma | n.masc | man, human being | GED/RPN |
| *guma-kunds | adj | male | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | hondra | adv | below | GED |
| Old Latin: | hemōnem | n.acc | man, human being | GED |
| Latin: | autochthones | n.pl | autochthon | CDC |
| chamaeleon | n.masc | chameleon | W7 | |
| exhumo, exhumāre | vb | to unearth | W7 | |
| homicida | n.masc | murderer | W7 | |
| homicidium | n.neut | murder, killing | W7 | |
| homo, hominis | n.masc | man, human being | LRC | |
| homunculus | n.masc | small man | W7 | |
| humanus | adj | human | W7 | |
| humilis, humilis, humile | adj | low, small, humble | LRC | |
| humus | n | earth, ground, soil | GED/RPN | |
| inhumo, inhumare | vb | to bury | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | humilio, humiliāre, humiliavi, humiliatus | vb | to humiliate | W7 |
| New Latin: | Homo, Hominis | n.masc | genus name for mankind | W7 |
| Portuguese: | homem | n | man, human | TLL |
| Spanish: | hombre | n.masc | man, human | W7 |
| ombre | n.masc | old 3-handed card game | W7 | |
| trashumar | vb | to practice transhumance | W7 | |
| Old French: | hommage | n.masc | homage | W7 |
| homme | n.masc | man, human, vassal | W7 | |
| humble | adj | low, humble | W7 | |
| Middle French: | camelion | n.masc | chameleon | W7 |
| homicide | n.masc | homicide, killing of a man | W7 | |
| humain | adj | human | W7 | |
| French: | bonhomie | n.fem | bonhomie, friendly attitude (for a man) | W7 |
| bonhomme | n.masc | good-natured man | W7 | |
| exhumer | vb | to unearth | W7 | |
| homme | n.masc | man, human | W7 | |
| inhumer | vb | to inhume | W7 | |
| transhumance | n.fem | transhumance | W7 | |
| transhumer | vb | to practice transhumance | W7 | |
| Italian: | omertà | n | omerta | LRC |
| uomo | n | man, human | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | semme | n | earth | GED |
| smoy | n | man | GED | |
| smunents | n | human being | GED | |
| Old Lithuanian: | žmuõ | n | person, human being | RPN |
| Lithuanian: | žẽmė | n.fem | earth | LRC |
| žmogùs | n.masc | person, human being | LRC | |
| žmónės | n.masc | people | LRC | |
| žmuõ | n | human beings | GED | |
| Latvian: | zem | prep | under, beneath | LRC |
| zeme | n.fem | land, country | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | zemlja | n | earth | GED/RPN |
| mǫžь | n.masc | man, husband | LRC | |
| Old Russian: | zemĭ | n | land | AHD |
| Russian: | zemlya | n | earth | W7 |
| zemstvo | n | zemstvo | AHD | |
| seryĭ | adj | gray | W7 | |
| chernozem | n | chernozem | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dhe | n | earth, land | GED/RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | αὐτό-χθων | adj | autochthonous, of this earth | LRC |
| αὐτό-χθων | n.neut | autochthon, primitive inhabitant | LS | |
| chamai | adv | on the ground | W7 | |
| chamaileōn | n.masc | chameleon | W7 | |
| χθόνιος | adj | earthly, in/under/beneath the earth | GED | |
| χθών | n.fem | earth, ground; land, country | RPN | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | ti-ya-am-mi-iš | n | earth | RPN |
| Hieroglyphic Luwian: | takami- | n | earth, land | RPN |
| Hittite: | da-ga-(a-)an | adv | to the ground | RPN |
| te-(e-)kán | n | earth, ground | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zā | n | earth, ground | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kṣámyas | adj | earthly | GED |
| kṣā́s | n | earth, ground | GED/RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | kan, keṃ | n | earth, ground | GED/RPN |
| śaumo | n | human being | GED | |
| Tocharian A: | śom | n | youth | GED |
| śomin | n | girl | GED | |
| tkaṃ | n | earth, ground | GED/RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
