Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: g̑hðem-, g̑hðom-, genitive-ablative g̑h(ð)m-és   'earth, ground, soil, humus'

Semantic Field(s): Earth, Land, Ground, Soil

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: duine n person, human being GED/RPN
dú n place GED/RPN
Welsh: dyn n human being GED
English  
Old English: brȳd(i)-guma n.masc bridegroom ASD/GED
guma n.wk.masc man, human being GED
Middle English: bridegome n bridegroom W7
camelion n chameleon W7
homage n homage W7
homicide n homicide W7
humain adj human, humane W7
humble adj humble W7
English: autochthon n one supposedly sprung from ground he inhabits AHD/W7
autochthonous adj native, indigenous, aboriginal W7
bonhomie n geniality, good-natured easy friendliness AHD/W7
bridegroom n man newly married/about to be married AHD/W7
chamaephyte n perennial plant bearing winter buds near soil AHD/W7
chameleon n Old World lizard with unusual ability to change skin color AHD/W7
chamomile n aromatic perennial European herb AHD
chernozem n dark-colored zonal soil having deep rich humus AHD/W7
chthonic adj infernal AHD/W7
exhume vb.trans to disinter, dig up AHD/W7
homage n ceremony where one acknowledges vassalship to lord AHD/W7
hombre n guy, fellow AHD/W7
homicide n one who kills another person AHD/W7
hominid n bipedal primate mammal: mankind/immediate ancestors/related forms AHD/W7
homo n primate mammal: mankind as single recent species AHD/W7
homunculus n.dim manikin, little man AHD/W7
human adj/n (re:) man, mankind AHD/W7
humane adj marked by sympathy/compassion/consideration for others AHD/W7
humble adj not proud/haughty, not arrogant/assertive AHD/W7
humiliate vb.trans to mortify, reduce to lower social position AHD/W7
humility n being humble AHD/W7
humus n brown/black material resulting from plant/animal decomposition AHD/W7
inhume vb.trans to bury, inter AHD/W7
ombre n 3-handed card game AHD/W7
omerta n rule/code enforcing silence AHD
sierozem n zonal group of soils characteristic of cool/temperate arid regions AHD/W7
transhumance n seasonal livestock movement between mountain/lowland pastures AHD/W7
zemstvo n local elective assembly in czarist Russia AHD/CDC
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: breid-goma n.wk.masc bridegroom GED
goma n man, human being ASD
Old Saxon: brūdi-gumo n.masc bridegroom GED
gumo n.wk.masc man, human being GED/RPN
Old High German: brūti-gomo n.masc bridegroom GED
gom(m)en, go(u)m-man, gam-man n.wk.masc man, human being GED/RPN
gomo, goma n.wk.masc man, human being ASD/GED/RPN
Middle High German: gome n.wk.masc man, human being GED
German: Bräutigam n.masc bridegroom GED
North Germanic  
Old Norse: gumi n.wk.masc man, human being LRC
Old Icelandic: Gymir prop.n.masc (name of) a giant GED
East Germanic  
Gothic: guma n.masc man, human being GED/RPN
*guma-kunds adj male GED
Italic  
Umbrian: hondra adv below GED
Old Latin: hemōnem n.acc man, human being GED
Latin: autochthones n.pl autochthon CDC
chamaeleon n.masc chameleon W7
exhumo, exhumāre vb to unearth W7
homicida n.masc murderer W7
homicidium n.neut murder, killing W7
homo, hominis n.masc man, human being LRC
homunculus n.masc small man W7
humanus adj human W7
humilis, humilis, humile adj low, small, humble LRC
humus n earth, ground, soil GED/RPN
inhumo, inhumare vb to bury W7
Late Latin: humilio, humiliāre, humiliavi, humiliatus vb to humiliate W7
New Latin: Homo, Hominis n.masc genus name for mankind W7
Portuguese: homem n man, human TLL
Spanish: hombre n.masc man, human W7
ombre n.masc old 3-handed card game W7
trashumar vb to practice transhumance W7
Old French: hommage n.masc homage W7
homme n.masc man, human, vassal W7
humble adj low, humble W7
Middle French: camelion n.masc chameleon W7
homicide n.masc homicide, killing of a man W7
humain adj human W7
French: bonhomie n.fem bonhomie, friendly attitude (for a man) W7
bonhomme n.masc good-natured man W7
exhumer vb to unearth W7
homme n.masc man, human W7
inhumer vb to inhume W7
transhumance n.fem transhumance W7
transhumer vb to practice transhumance W7
Italian: omertà n omerta LRC
uomo n man, human TLL
Baltic  
Old Prussian: semme n earth GED
smoy n man GED
smunents n human being GED
Old Lithuanian: žmuõ n person, human being RPN
Lithuanian: žẽmė n.fem earth LRC
žmogùs n.masc person, human being LRC
žmónės n.masc people LRC
žmuõ n human beings GED
Latvian: zem prep under, beneath LRC
zeme n.fem land, country LRC
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: zemlja n earth GED/RPN
mǫžь n.masc man, husband LRC
Old Russian: zemĭ n land AHD
Russian: zemlya n earth W7
zemstvo n zemstvo AHD
seryĭ adj gray W7
chernozem n chernozem W7
Albanian  
Albanian: dhe n earth, land GED/RPN
Hellenic  
Greek: αὐτό-χθων adj autochthonous, of this earth LRC
αὐτό-χθων n.neut autochthon, primitive inhabitant LS
chamai adv on the ground W7
chamaileōn n.masc chameleon W7
χθόνιος adj earthly, in/under/beneath the earth GED
χθών n.fem earth, ground; land, country RPN
Anatolian  
Luwian: ti-ya-am-mi-iš n earth RPN
Hieroglyphic Luwian: takami- n earth, land RPN
Hittite: da-ga-(a-)an adv to the ground RPN
te-(e-)kán n earth, ground RPN
Iranian  
Avestan: zā n earth, ground GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: kṣámyas adj earthly GED
kṣā́s n earth, ground GED/RPN
Tocharian  
Tocharian B: kan, keṃ n earth, ground GED/RPN
śaumo n human being GED
Tocharian A: śom n youth GED
śomin n girl GED
tkaṃ n earth, ground GED/RPN

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
acc=accusative (case)
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
dim=diminutive
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
prep=preposition
prop=proper
trans=transitive
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS=Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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