Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghedh-, ghodh- 'to join, unite, gather, make a bond'
Semantic Field(s): to Join, Unite, to Bind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gada | n | companion, associate | RPN |
| gad(e)rian, gad(o)rigean | vb.wk | to gather, collect, store up | ASD/RPN | |
| gaderung | n.fem | assembly | ASD/RPN | |
| gaderwist | n | companionship | RPN | |
| gadrigendlic, gaderigendlīc | adj | collective | ASD/RPN | |
| gæd | n.neut | fellowship | ASD/RPN | |
| gædeling | n.masc | kinsman, comrade, companion | GED/RPN | |
| gædere, gadere, geador | adv | together | W7 | |
| gæd(e)rian | vb | to gather | ASD/GED | |
| geador | adv | together | GED | |
| (ge-)gada | n | comrade | GED | |
| gōd | adj | good, excellent | LRC | |
| tō-gædere | adv | together | GED/RPN | |
| Middle English: | gaderen | vb | to gather | W7 |
| good | adj | good | W7 | |
| togedere | adv | together | W7 | |
| English: | gather | vb | to collect, bring together | AHD/W7 |
| good | adj | of favorable character/tendency | AHD/W7 | |
| Goodbody | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| together | adv | in(to) one place/mass/group/collection | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | gadyr | vb | to gather | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | gad(e)ria, ga(du)ria | vb.wk | to gather, unite | ASD/GED |
| gadia | vb | to gather, unite | GED/RPN | |
| gadur | adv | together | GED/RPN | |
| gōd | adj | good | ASD | |
| tō-gadera | adv | together | ASD | |
| Frisian: | gearjen | vb | to gather | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | gaden | vb | to please | GED |
| gaderen | vb | to unite, come together | RPN | |
| Dutch: | gaderen | vb | to gather | ASD |
| goed | adj | good | TLL | |
| Flemish: | gaden | vb | to please | GED |
| Old Saxon: | gaduling, garaling | n.str.masc | relative | ASD/GED |
| gi-gado | n | one's equal | GED | |
| gōd | adj | good | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | gad(d)eren | vb.wk | to unite | GED |
| gaden | vb | to please | GED | |
| gader | adv | together | GED | |
| Low German: | gad(d)ern | vb | to gather | ASD |
| Old High German: | be-gatōn | vb.wk | to unite, come together | GED/RPN |
| gatiling, gataling | n.str.masc | relative | ASD/GED/RPN | |
| ge-gat | adj | joined | GED | |
| guot | adj | good | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | gater | adv | together | GED |
| gatern, getern | vb.wk | to unite | ASD/GED | |
| (ge-)gate | n.wk.masc | spouse | GED | |
| geteling | n.masc | fellow, relation | ASD | |
| German: | Gatte | n.masc | spouse | LRC |
| gattern | vb | to gather | ASD | |
| Gattin | n.fem | wife, spouse, consort | TLL | |
| gut | adj | good | ASD | |
| Güte | n.fem | goodness, kindness | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | góðr | adj | good | LRC |
| Danish: | god | adj | good | TLL |
| Swedish: | god | adj | good | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gadiliggs | n.masc | cousin | GED/RPN |
| gōðr | adj | good | ASD | |
| gōds, gōþs | adj | good | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *gadelþa, gadeltha | adj | beautiful | CGo/GED |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | goda | n | honor | GED |
| Latvian: | gads | n.masc | year | LRC |
| gùodât | vb | to hold in honor | GED | |
| gùods | n | honor, glory | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | gadati | vb | to believe | GED |
| godina | n.fem | time, hour | LRC | |
| godъ | n | (favorable) time | GED/RPN | |
| ugobьziti, ugobьžǫ, ugobьziši | vb | to yield richly | LRC | |
| ugoditi, ugoždǫ, ugodiši | vb | to please, be pleasing | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gadh- | vb | to cling, hold fast, hang on to | GED/RPN |
| gádhya-ḥ | adj | seized/gained as booty | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | kātk- | vb | to rejoice | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |