Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghedh-, ghodh- 'to join, unite, gather, make a bond'
Semantic Field(s): to Join, Unite, to Bind
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | gada | n | companion, associate | RPN |
gad(e)rian, gad(o)rigean | vb.wk | to gather, collect, store up | ASD/RPN | |
gaderung | n.fem | assembly | ASD/RPN | |
gaderwist | n | companionship | RPN | |
gadrigendlic, gaderigendlīc | adj | collective | ASD/RPN | |
gæd | n.neut | fellowship | ASD/RPN | |
gædeling | n.masc | kinsman, comrade, companion | GED/RPN | |
gædere, gadere, geador | adv | together | W7 | |
gæd(e)rian | vb | to gather | ASD/GED | |
geador | adv | together | GED | |
(ge-)gada | n | comrade | GED | |
gōd | adj | good, excellent | LRC | |
tō-gædere | adv | together | GED/RPN | |
Middle English: | gaderen | vb | to gather | W7 |
good | adj | good | W7 | |
togedere | adv | together | W7 | |
English: | gather | vb | to collect, bring together | AHD/W7 |
good | adj | of favorable character/tendency | AHD/W7 | |
Goodbody | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
together | adv | in(to) one place/mass/group/collection | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | gadyr | vb | to gather | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | gad(e)ria, ga(du)ria | vb.wk | to gather, unite | ASD/GED |
gadia | vb | to gather, unite | GED/RPN | |
gadur | adv | together | GED/RPN | |
gōd | adj | good | ASD | |
tō-gadera | adv | together | ASD | |
Frisian: | gearjen | vb | to gather | ASD |
Middle Dutch: | gaden | vb | to please | GED |
gaderen | vb | to unite, come together | RPN | |
Dutch: | gaderen | vb | to gather | ASD |
goed | adj | good | TLL | |
Flemish: | gaden | vb | to please | GED |
Old Saxon: | gaduling, garaling | n.str.masc | relative | ASD/GED |
gi-gado | n | one's equal | GED | |
gōd | adj | good | ASD | |
Middle Low German: | gad(d)eren | vb.wk | to unite | GED |
gaden | vb | to please | GED | |
gader | adv | together | GED | |
Low German: | gad(d)ern | vb | to gather | ASD |
Old High German: | be-gatōn | vb.wk | to unite, come together | GED/RPN |
gatiling, gataling | n.str.masc | relative | ASD/GED/RPN | |
ge-gat | adj | joined | GED | |
guot | adj | good | W7 | |
Middle High German: | gater | adv | together | GED |
gatern, getern | vb.wk | to unite | ASD/GED | |
(ge-)gate | n.wk.masc | spouse | GED | |
geteling | n.masc | fellow, relation | ASD | |
German: | Gatte | n.masc | spouse | LRC |
gattern | vb | to gather | ASD | |
Gattin | n.fem | wife, spouse, consort | TLL | |
gut | adj | good | ASD | |
Güte | n.fem | goodness, kindness | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | góðr | adj | good | LRC |
Danish: | god | adj | good | TLL |
Swedish: | god | adj | good | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | gadiliggs | n.masc | cousin | GED/RPN |
gōðr | adj | good | ASD | |
gōds, gōþs | adj | good | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | *gadelþa, gadeltha | adj | beautiful | CGo/GED |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | goda | n | honor | GED |
Latvian: | gads | n.masc | year | LRC |
gùodât | vb | to hold in honor | GED | |
gùods | n | honor, glory | GED | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | gadati | vb | to believe | GED |
godina | n.fem | time, hour | LRC | |
godъ | n | (favorable) time | GED/RPN | |
ugobьziti, ugobьžǫ, ugobьziši | vb | to yield richly | LRC | |
ugoditi, ugoždǫ, ugodiši | vb | to please, be pleasing | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | gadh- | vb | to cling, hold fast, hang on to | GED/RPN |
gádhya-ḥ | adj | seized/gained as booty | RPN | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian: | kātk- | vb | to rejoice | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |