Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑hengh- 'to step, stride, march'
Semantic Field(s): to Walk
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | gan(c)gan, gongan | vb.str | to go | ASD/GED |
gang, geng, gong, gung | n.masc | gang, course, activity | ASD/GED | |
gengan | vb | to set out | GED | |
gongan, gēong, gēongon, gongen | vb.str.VII | to go, walk | LRC | |
Middle English: | gang | n | gang | W7 |
English: | gang | n | way, path, journey | AHD/W7 |
gangling | adj | spindly, lanky | AHD/W7 | |
gangue | n | worthless rock/vein where valuable metals/minerals are found | AHD/W7 | |
gangway | interj | step aside! leave clear passage! | W2I | |
gangway | n | passageway | W7 | |
Scots English: | gang | n | journey | ASD |
gang | vb | to go | ASD | |
gangrel | n | vagrant, lanky person | W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | gong, gung | n.masc | gang, course, activity | ASD/GED |
gonga | vb | to go | GED | |
gunga | vb | to go | GED | |
Dutch: | gang | n | gang, course | ASD |
Old Saxon: | gang | n.str.masc | gang, course, activity | GED |
gangan | vb | to go | GED | |
Old High German: | gang | n.str.masc | gang, course, activity | GED |
gangan | vb | to go | GED | |
Middle High German: | ganc | n.masc | gang, course | ASD |
gangen | vb | to go | ASD | |
gengen | vb | to set out | GED | |
gīht | n.str.fem | way, trip | GED | |
German: | Gang | n.masc | gang, course, vein of metal | ASD/W7 |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | ganga | vb | to go, walk, advance | LRC |
gátt | n.fem | door-opening | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | ganga | vb | to go | GED |
gangr | n.masc | gang, course, activity | GED | |
gā | vb | to go | GED | |
gātt | n.fem | rabbet (of a doorsill) | GED | |
Icelandic: | ganga | vb | to go | LRC |
Old Danish: | gunge | vb | to swing | GED |
Danish: | gang | n.masc/fem | gang, course | ASD |
landgang | n | gangway | TLL | |
Swedish: | gång | n.masc | time | ASD |
gånga | vb | to go | ASD | |
landgång | n | gangway | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | afar-gaggan | vb.str.VII | to accompany, go after | GED |
*af-gaggan | vb.str.VII | to go away | GED | |
gaggan | vb.str.VII | to go, come | GED | |
gaggs | n.masc | gang, course | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
French: | gangue | n.fem | gangue, matrix | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | žiñgsnis | n.masc | step, pace, stride | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | κῖχάνω, *κίχημι | vb | to meet, reach, overtake | GED |
κοχώνη | n.fem | buttock(s), posterior | GED | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | zaŋgəm | n | ankle | GED |
zazāiti | vb | to return | GED | |
Ossetic: | zängä | n | knee | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | jaghánas, jaghánam | n | buttock, pudenda | GED |
jáṅghā | n | shank, lower leg | GED | |
jáhāti, jíhīte | vb | to leave | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VII | = | class 7 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
interj | = | interjection |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |