Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑herdh-, and gherdh- 'to gird, enclose, encompass'
Semantic Field(s): to Shut, Close, Circle
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | gort | n | seeded field | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | geard | n.masc | yard, fence, enclosure | LRC |
gyrdan, girdan | vb.wk | to gird | ASD/RPN | |
gyrdel(l) | n.masc | belt, girdle | GED/RPN | |
ortgeard | n.masc | orchard | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | gardin | n | garden | W7 |
garth | n | garth | W7 | |
girdel | n | girdle | W7 | |
girden | vb | to strike, thrust | W7 | |
girten | vb | to girt | W7 | |
girth, gerth | n | girth | W7 | |
orchard | n | orchard | W7 | |
yard | n | yard, enclosure | W7 | |
English: | Asgard | prop.n | realm of Aesir (Norse mythology) | LRC |
Bracegirdle | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
garden | n | plot of ground for cultivating herbs/fruits/flowers/vegetables | AHD/W7 | |
garth | n | small yard/enclosure | AHD/W7 | |
gird, girt | vb.wk | to encircle/bind with flexible band | AHD/W7 | |
girdle | n | garment that encircles/confines | AHD/W7 | |
girt | vb | to gird | AHD/W7 | |
girth | n | band/strap around animal's body for fastening things on back | AHD/W7 | |
Isengard | prop.n | Saruman's fortress in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
jardiniere | n | ornamental plant/flower stand | AHD/W7 | |
kindergarten | n | young children's class/school | AHD/W7 | |
Midgard | prop.n | world inhabited by humans (Germanic mythology) | LRC | |
orchard | n | garden of fruit/nut trees | AHD/W7 | |
Treegarth | prop.n | Ent/Huorn enclosure in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
yard | n | court, small area open to sky/adjacent to building | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | garda | n.masc | yard, garden | ASD |
gerda | vb | to gird | LRC | |
gerdel | n | girdle | GED | |
Middle Dutch: | gherde | n | girdle | GED |
Dutch: | gærd(e) | n | yard, garden | ASD |
gordel | n | girdle | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | gard | n.masc | yard, garden | ASD |
Middle Low German: | gorde | n | girdle | GED |
Old High German: | gart(o) | n.masc | garden, enclosure | ASD/W7 |
gurten | vb | to gird | RPN | |
gurtil | n.str.masc | girdle | GED | |
gurtila | n.fem | girdle | GED | |
Middle High German: | garte | n.masc | yard, garden | ASD |
gurt | n.str.masc | girdle | GED | |
German: | Garten | n.masc | garden | W7 |
Gürtel | n.masc | girdle, belt | ASD | |
gürten | vb | to gird | ASD | |
Kindergarten | n.masc | kindergarten | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | āsgarðr | n | Asgard | W7 |
garðr | n.masc | yard, enclosure; fence | LRC | |
gjörþ | n | girth | W7 | |
mið-garðr | n.masc | Midgard, lit. middle-yard, middle-earth | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | gjǫrð | n.fem | girdle | GED |
gyrða | vb | to gird (with a belt) | RPN | |
gyrðill | n | girdle | RPN | |
Icelandic: | garðr | n.masc | yard, garden | ASD |
gyrða | vb | to gird | ASD | |
gyrðill | n.masc | purse, girdle | ASD | |
Danish: | gaard | n.masc/fem | yard, garden | ASD |
Swedish: | gård | n.masc | yard, garden | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | aurti-gards | n | orchard | ASD |
*bi-gairdan | vb.str.III | to gird (about) | GED/RPN | |
gairda | n.fem | girdle | GED/RPN | |
gards | n.str.masc | house, household | LRC | |
midjun-gards | n.str.masc | Midgard, lit. middle-yard, middle-earth | LRC | |
*uf-gairdan | vb | to gird up | GED/RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Oscan: | heriiad | vb.3.sg.imp | let him capture! | GED |
Latin: | urbs, urbis | n.fem | city | LRC |
French: | jardinière | n.fem | female gardener; suspended pot for plants | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | gar̃das | n | fence; enclosure | RPN |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | gród | n | castle, palace | LRC |
Czech: | hrad | n | castle, palace | LRC |
Serbo-Croatian: | grâd | n | castle, palace | LRC |
Old Church Slavonic: | gradъ | n.masc | city, fortification | LRC |
gradьcь | n.masc | town, garden | LRC | |
Bulgarian: | gradъ | n | castle, palace | LRC |
Russian: | gorod | n | town, city | AHD |
-grad | n.sfx | city | AHD | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | dorë | n | hand | GED |
gardh, garth | n | hedge | GED/RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | κορθις | n | heap | LRC |
Greek: | χείρ | n | hand | GED |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | gurtas | n | fortress, fortification | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | jeṙn | n | hand | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | gərəða- | n | house, dwelling; inhabited cave | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | gṛhá-ḥ | n | house, dwelling | GED/RPN |
hárati | vb | to take | GED | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | šar | n | hand | GED |
Tocharian A: | tsar | n | hand | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
3 | = | 3rd person |
III | = | class 3 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
imp | = | imperative (mood) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
sfx | = | suffix |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |