Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑hers- 'to stiffen, bristle, stand out'
Semantic Field(s): Hard, to Stand
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | go(r)st | n.masc | gorse, bramble | RPN |
| Middle English: | abhorren | vb | to abhor | W7 |
| gorst | n | gorse | W7 | |
| horrour | n | horror | W7 | |
| ordure | n | ordure | W7 | |
| urchin | n | urchin | W7 | |
| English: | abhor | vb.trans | to loathe, regard with repugnance | AHD/W7 |
| arugula | n | rocket (salad crop) | AHD | |
| gorse | n | furze (bush) | AHD/W7 | |
| hirsute | adj | roughly hairy | AHD/W7 | |
| hispid | adj | rough, covered by bristle/stiff hair/minute spines | AHD/W7 | |
| horrible | adj | dreadful, re: horror | AHD | |
| horrid | adj | rough, bristling | AHD/W7 | |
| horripilation | n | goosebumps, hair bristling from fear/cold | AHD | |
| horror | n | painful/intense fear/dread/dismay | AHD/W7 | |
| ordure | n | excrement | AHD/W7 | |
| orgeat | n | sweet almond-flavored syrup | AHD/W7 | |
| orzo | n | pasta shaped like barley pearls | AHD | |
| rocket | n | yellowish flowered European herb | AHD/W7 | |
| urchin | n | hedgehog | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | gersta | n | barley | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abhorreō, abhorrēre | vb | to abhor, shudder | W7 |
| ēr | n.masc | hedgehog | W7 | |
| ēricius | n.masc | beam set with spikes | W7 | |
| ērūca | n.fem | cabbage, colewort, arugula | CLD/W7 | |
| hirsutus | adj | hairy, shaggy, rough | W7 | |
| hispidus | adj | rough, hairy, bristly | W7 | |
| hordeum | n.neut | barley | W7 | |
| horreō, horrēre | vb | to bristle, tremble | RPN | |
| horridus | adj | rough, shaggy, bristly | RPN | |
| horror | n.masc | action of trembling, horror | W7 | |
| Middle French: | herichon | n.masc | hedgehog | W7 |
| horror | n.fem | horror | W7 | |
| ord | adj | filthy | W7 | |
| ordure | n.fem | garbage | W7 | |
| orge | n.masc | barley | W7 | |
| roquette | n.fem | rocket | W7 | |
| French: | orgeat | n.masc | barley | W7 |
| Old Italian: | rochetta | n.fem.dim | garden rocket | W7 |
| ruca | n.fem | garden rocket | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kri | n.neut | barley | W7 |
| χέρσος | adj/n | dry (land) | RPN | |
| chēr | n.neut | hedgehog | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | harṣa-ḥ | n | bristling, erection (of hair) | RPN |
| hárṣati | vb | to bristle, become stiff/erect | RPN | |
| hṛṣṭá-ḥ | adj | bristling, erect, stiff | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
