Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. g̑heu- 'to gush, pour, found'
Semantic Field(s): to Pour
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gēotan | vb.str | to pour | ASD/GED |
| gutt | n | gut | IEW | |
| Middle English: | confounden | vb | to confound | W7 |
| confused | adj | perplexed | W7 | |
| foisoun | n | foison | W7 | |
| fonel | n | funnel | W7 | |
| guschen | vb | to gush | W7 | |
| gut | n | gut | W7 | |
| infusen | vb | to infuse | W7 | |
| profuse | adj | profuse | W7 | |
| refunden | vb | to refund | W7 | |
| refuse | n | refuse | W7 | |
| refusen | vb | to refuse | W7 | |
| transfusen | vb | to transfuse | W7 | |
| English: | affusion | n | act of pouring liquid | AHD/W7 |
| choanocyte | n | collared/flagellated monadiform sponge cell | AHD/CDC | |
| chyle | n | lymph milky from emulsified fats | AHD/W7 | |
| chylomicron | n | emulsified fat formed during digestion | AHD | |
| chyme | n | semifluid, partly digested food passed by stomach into duodenum | AHD/W7 | |
| circumfuse | vb.trans | to envelop, surround | AHD/W7 | |
| confound | vb.trans | to destroy, bring to ruin | AHD/W7 | |
| confuse | vb.trans | to bring to ruin | AHD/W7 | |
| diffuse | adj | poured/spread out | AHD/W7 | |
| diffuse | vb | to pour out: permit/cause to spread freely | AHD/W7 | |
| ecchymosis | n | escape of blood into tissues due to ruptured blood vessels | AHD/W7 | |
| effuse | vb | to pour out (liquid) | AHD/W7 | |
| foison | n | rich harvest | AHD/W7 | |
| fondant | n | creamy sugar preparation used for candies/icings | AHD/W7 | |
| fondue | n | melted cheese flavored with wine/brandy | AHD/W7 | |
| font | n | assortment of type in one size/style | AHD/W7 | |
| found | vb.trans | to melt (metal), pour into mold | AHD/W7 | |
| funnel | n | hollow cone with tube extending from point | AHD/W7 | |
| fuse | n | combustible substance enclosed in cord/cable | AHD/W7 | |
| fusile | adj.arch | formed by melting/casting | AHD | |
| fusion | n | liquefying/rendering plastic via heat | AHD/W7 | |
| futile | adj | serving no useful purpose | AHD/W7 | |
| geyser | n | spring that intermittently jets steam/hot water | AHD/W7 | |
| Goth | prop.n | member of East Germanic peoples | W7 | |
| Gothic | prop.adj | re: Goths' language/civilization | W7 | |
| gush | vb | to issue copiously/violently | AHD/W7 | |
| gust | n | sudden short rush of wind | AHD/W7 | |
| gut | n | bowel, entrails, intestine | AHD/W7 | |
| infuse | vb.trans | to instill principle/quality in | AHD/W7 | |
| parenchyma | n | higher plant tissue: thin-walled living storage/photosynthetic cells | AHD/W7 | |
| perfuse | vb.trans | to suffuse | AHD/W7 | |
| profuse | adj | extravagant, pouring forth liberally | AHD/W7 | |
| refund | vb.trans | to give/put back | AHD/W7 | |
| refuse | n | leavings, worthless/useless portion | AHD/W7 | |
| refuse | vb | to reject, decline to accept | AHD/W7 | |
| suffuse | vb.trans | to fill, flush, spread over/through like fluid/light | AHD/W7 | |
| transfuse | vb.trans | to transmit, convey from one to another | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | (g)iāta | vb | to pour | GED |
| Old Saxon: | giotan | vb | to pour | GED |
| Old High German: | gioz(z)an | vb.str | to pour | ASD/GED |
| gussa | n | flood | W7 | |
| German: | giessen | vb | to pour | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | geysa, gjōsa | vb | to gush, stream out | CDC/GED |
| gustr | n | gust of wind | W7 | |
| gyōta | vb | to spawn | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | geysa | vb | to gush, send out violently | GED |
| Icelandic: | geysa | vb | to gush, rush forth | W7 |
| Geysir | prop.n | Great Gusher hot spring | CDC | |
| Danish: | gyde | vb | to pour | ASD |
| Swedish: | giuta | vb | to cast | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *giutan | vb.str.II | to pour | GED |
| *Gut-þiuda | n.fem | Goths, lit. Goth-people | GED | |
| *ufar-giutan | vb.str.II | to pour to overflowing | GED | |
| *us-gutnan | vb.wk.IV | to spill, be spilled | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | affundo, affundere, affudi, affusus | vb | to pour on | W7 |
| circumfundo, circumfundere, circumfudi, circumfusus | vb | to pour around | W7 | |
| confundo, confundere, confudi, confusus | vb | to pour together, confuse | W7 | |
| diffundo, diffundere, diffudi, diffusus | vb | to spread out | W7 | |
| effundo, effundere, effudi, effusus | vb | to pour, splash | W7 | |
| fovea | n.fem | pit, pitfall | GED | |
| fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus | vb | to found | GED | |
| fusio, fusionis | n.fem | fusion | W7 | |
| fūtilis | adj | futile, useless, readily poured out | GED | |
| infundibulum | n.neut | funnel | W7 | |
| infundo, infundere, infudi, infusus | vb | to pour in | W7 | |
| perfundo, perfundere, perfudi, perfusus | vb | to pour over | W7 | |
| profundo, profundere, profudi, profusus | vb | to pour forth | W7 | |
| refundo, refundere, refudi, refusus | vb | to refuse, pour back | W7 | |
| suffundo, suffundere, suffudi, suffusus | vb | to pour beneath | W7 | |
| transfundo, transfundere, transfudi, transfusus | vb | to pour into another container | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | funditus, fundita, funditum | vb.ptc | poured | W7 |
| refuso, refusāre | vb | to refuse, pour back | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | affusio, affusionis | n.fem | a pouring into | W7 |
| chymus | n.masc | chyle | W7 | |
| New Latin: | ecchymosis | n.fem | bruise | W7 |
| parenchyma | n.fem | tissue of higher plants | W7 | |
| Spanish: | godo, goda | n.masc/fem | Goth; [slang] mainland Spaniard | LRC |
| Old French: | confondre | vb | to confound | W7 |
| refus | n.masc | rejection | W7 | |
| refuser | vb | to refuse | W7 | |
| Middle French: | confus | adj | confuse | W7 |
| diffuser | vb | to spread, diffuse | W7 | |
| foison | n.fem | abundance | W7 | |
| fondre | vb | to found | W7 | |
| fonte | n.fem | act of founding | W7 | |
| futile | adj | useless | W7 | |
| infuser | vb | to seep | W7 | |
| refonder | vb | to refund, found again | W7 | |
| refus | n.masc | rejection | W7 | |
| refuser | vb | to refuse | W7 | |
| French: | fondant | adj | melting | W7 |
| fondre | vb | to melt | W7 | |
| fondu | vb.past.ptc | melted | W7 | |
| fondue | n.fem | fondue | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | fonilh | n.masc | funnel | W7 |
| Italian: | fuso | n.masc | spindle | W7 |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dyllë | n | wax | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Ionic: | χειή | n.fem | pit, hole, cave | GED |
| Homeric Greek: | χέ[Ϝ]ω | vb | to pour, shed, strew | LRC |
| Greek: | ekchymōsis | n.fem | bruise | W7 |
| παραχέω | vb | to pour in | LRC | |
| parenchein | vb | to pour in beside | W7 | |
| parenchyma | n.neut | visceral flesh | W7 | |
| χειά | n.fem | pit, hole, cave | LRC | |
| χύδην | adv | at random, promiscuously | LRC | |
| χῡλός, χῡμός | n.masc | chyle, chyme, juice | LRC | |
| χῠτός | adj | shed, poured, heaped | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | kutt- | n | wall | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | julem | vb | to pour | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zaotor | n | priest | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | juhóti, juhuté | vb | to sacrifice, pour into fire | LRC |
| hótā | n | priest | LRC | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | ku- | vb | to pour, dispense | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |