Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghleu- 'to be happy, joyful, gleeful'
Semantic Field(s): Happy; Happiness, Glad, Joyful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | glēam | n.masc | joy, joyous noise, jubilation | ASD/IEW |
| glēo, gleow | n.neut | glee, music, entertainment | ASD | |
| glēoman | n.masc | gleeman | AHD | |
| glīw, glig(g) | n.neut | glee, jesting, minstrelsy | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | glee | n | glee | W7 |
| gleman | n | gleeman | AHD | |
| English: | glee | n | joy, mirth, merriment | AHD/W7 |
| gleeful | adj | merry, lit. full of glee | W7 | |
| gleeman | n | minstrel, medieval itinerant singer | AHD | |
| Gléowine | prop.n | Theoden's minstrel in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Scots English: | glamer | n | noise | ICE |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | glȳ | n.neut | glee | ASD/W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | glam | n.masc | noise, tinkling sound, clash of weapons | ICE |
| glaumr | n.masc | merry noise, noisy jubilation; host, crowd | ICE/IEW | |
| gleyma | vb | to make gleeful noise | IEW | |
| glymja | vb | to sound, resound | IEW | |
| glymr | n | din, noise, racket | IEW | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Lithuanian: | glaudas, glauda | n.masc/fem | pastime, diversion | IEW |
| gláudoti | vb | to joke, jest, banter | IEW | |
| Latvian: | glaudât | vb | to joke, jest, banter | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | διαχλευάζω | vb | to joke, mock | LRC |
| chleuē | n | joke | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
