Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghosti-s 'guest, stranger'
Semantic Field(s): Guest, Stranger
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gæst, gi(e)st, gest, gyst | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Middle English: | gest | n | guest | W7 |
| hospital | n | hospital | W7 | |
| hostage | n | hostage | W7 | |
| host(e) | n | host; guest | W7 | |
| hostel | n | hostel | W7 | |
| hostler | n | hostler | W7 | |
| English: | axenic | adj | free of other living organisms | AHD/W7 |
| euxenite | n | brownish black mineral: oxide of calcium/cerium/tantalum/columbium/titanium/uranium | AHD/W7 | |
| guest | n | one entertained in person's house | AHD/W7 | |
| hospice | n | lodging for travelers/underprivileged/young persons, often maintained by religious order | AHD/W7 | |
| hospitable | adj | re: cordial/generous reception of guests | AHD/W7 | |
| hospital | n | charitable institution for.needy/aged/infirm/young | AHD/W7 | |
| hospitality | n | hospitable treatment/reception/disposition | AHD/W7 | |
| host | n | eucharistic bread | AHD/W7 | |
| host | n | army | AHD/W7 | |
| hostage | n | person kept as pledge pending fulfillment of agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| hostel | n | inn | AHD/W7 | |
| hostile | adj | re: enemy | AHD/W7 | |
| hostler | n | one who cares for horses/mules | AHD/W7 | |
| hotel | n | inn, travel-lodging | TLL | |
| pyroxene | n | silicate mineral containing iron/calcium/sodium/aluminum/magnesium | AHD/W7 | |
| xenia | n | effect of genes in male nucleus on non-embryonic structures | AHD/W7 | |
| xen(o)- | pfx | strange, foreign, alien | AHD/W7 | |
| xenon | n | heavy colorless inert gas | AHD/W7 | |
| xenopus | n | aquatic tongueless clawed frog | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | gast | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | gast | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Low German: | gast | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Old High German: | gast | n.masc | guest, enemy | ASD/RPN |
| Middle High German: | gast | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| German: | Euxenit | n | euxenite | W7 |
| Gast | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gestr | n.masc | guest | LRC |
| Icelandic: | gestr | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Danish: | giest | n.masc/fem | guest, stranger | ASD |
| Swedish: | gäst | n.masc | guest, stranger | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gasts | n | guest, stranger | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Venetic: | *hosti- | n | stranger | RPN |
| Latin: | hospes, hospitis | n.masc | guest, host | W7 |
| hospitale | n.neut | guest room | W7 | |
| hospitalis | adj | re: guest | W7 | |
| hospitium, hospitii | n.neut | hospitality; guest house | LRC | |
| hostia | n.fem | sacrificial victim | W7 | |
| hostilis | adj | hostile | W7 | |
| hostis, hostis | n.masc | guest, stranger; host, enemy | RPN | |
| Late Latin: | hospitale | n.neut | hospice | W7 |
| hostia | n.fem | Eucharist, sacrificial victim | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | hospitale | n.neut | hospital, convent of the Hospitalers | W7 |
| New Latin: | xenia | n.fem | xenia | W7 |
| Old French: | hospital | n.masc | hospital | W7 |
| host | n.masc | host, enemy | W7 | |
| hostage | n.masc | hostage | W7 | |
| hoste | n.masc | host, guest | W7 | |
| hostel | n.masc | inn | W7 | |
| Middle French: | hoiste | n.fem | host, Eucharist | W7 |
| hostile | adj | hostile | W7 | |
| French: | hôpital | n | hospital | TLL |
| hospice | n.masc | hospice, hospital | W7 | |
| hôtel | n | hotel, mansion | TLL | |
| pyroxène | n.masc | pyroxene | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | gospodь | n.masc | lord, master | LRC |
| gospodьn'ь | adj | lord's | LRC | |
| gostь | n | guest | RPN | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | huaj | adj | foreign | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | euxenos | adj | hospitable | W7 |
| xenon, xenia | n.neut | hospitality gift(s) | W7 | |
| xenos | n.masc | guest, foreigner; host | W7 | |
| Ξενοφῶν | n.masc | Xenophon | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |