Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghou-ro-s 'frightened, frightening'
Semantic Field(s): Fear, Fright
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gnorn, grorn, gnyrn | n.masc/fem | sorrow, sadness, dejection | ASD/IEW |
| gnorn | adj | sad, dejected, sorrowful | ASD | |
| gnornan, gnornede, gnorned | vb.wk | to mourn, grieve, lament | ASD | |
| gnornian, gnornode, gnornod | vb.wk.II | to mourn, grieve, lament | LRC | |
| gryn, gyrn | n.str.neut | mourning | IEW | |
| gryre | n.masc | dread | IEW | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | g(n)ornōn, grornōn | vb | to mourn, grieve, lament | ASD/IEW |
| gornōn | vb.wk | to mourn | GED | |
| gorn-word | n.str.neut | lament | GED | |
| gruri | n.masc | dread | IEW | |
| Old High German: | gōrag | adj | pitiful, miserable | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | gaurr | n.masc | miserable person | IEW |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *gauriþa | n.fem | sorrow | GED |
| gaurjan | vb.wk.I | to insult | GED | |
| gaurs | adj | sad, sorrowful; sullen | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | žurítь | vb | to scold | GED |
| Ukrainian: | žurbá | n | sorrow | GED |
| žurýty | vb | to perturb | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ghorás | adj | dreadful, awe-inspiring | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
