Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghrē- : ghrō- : ghrə- 'to grow, become green'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow, Green
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | grǣd | n | grass | RPN |
| græs | n.neut | grass | ASD/RPN | |
| grasian | vb | to graze | W7 | |
| grēne | adj | green | RPN | |
| grōwan | vb.str | to grow, increase, flourish | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | gras | n | grass | W7 |
| grasen | vb | to graze | W7 | |
| grene | adj | green | W7 | |
| growen | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| herbe | n | herb | AHD | |
| English: | grass | n | herbage suitable/used for grazing animals | AHD/W7 |
| graze | vb | to eat growing herbage | AHD/W7 | |
| green | adj | re: color green | AHD/W7 | |
| Greenfields | prop.n | Shire battle locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Greenway | prop.n | road through Bree in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Greenwood | prop.n | Mirkwood's former name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| grow, grew, grown | vb.str | to spring up, develop to maturity | AHD/W7 | |
| herb | n | green leafy plant without persistent woody tissue | TLL/W7 | |
| herbaceous | adj | re: herb(s) | W7 | |
| herbage | n | herbaceous vegetation (used for grazing) | W7 | |
| herbivore | n | plant-eating animal | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | grēne | adj | green | ASD |
| grōia | vb | to grow | RPN | |
| grōwa | vb | to grow | RPN | |
| Dutch: | gras | n | grass | TLL |
| groeien | vb | to grow | RPN | |
| Old Saxon: | grōni | adj | green | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | grōien | vb | to grow | RPN |
| Old High German: | gras | n | grass | W7 |
| graz | n | shoot, sprig, sprout | RPN | |
| grōen, grūen | vb | to grow, flourish | ASD | |
| gruoni | adj | green | ASD | |
| gruo(w)an | vb | to grow | W7 | |
| German: | Gras | n.neut | grass | LRC |
| grasen | vb | to graze | LRC | |
| grün | adj | green | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | gras | n.neut | grass, pasture; vegetation | LRC |
| gróa | vb | to grow | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | gróði | n | growth, increase | RPN |
| gróðr | n | growth, crop | RPN | |
| gróna | vb | to become green | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | gresja | vb | to graze | ASD |
| grōa | vb | to grow | ASD | |
| grænn | adj | green | ASD | |
| Faeroese: | gróa | vb | to grow | RPN |
| Norwegian: | gro | vb | to grow | RPN |
| Danish: | gro | vb | to grow | RPN |
| græs | n | grass | TLL | |
| Swedish: | gro | vb | to grow | RPN |
| gräs | n | grass | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gras | n | grass | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | grāmen | n | grass, stalk | RPN |
| herba | n.fem | herb, grass; stalk, blade | TLL | |
| Old French: | erbe | n | herb | AHD |
| erbier | n | garden | AHD | |
| French: | herbe | n.fem | herb, grass | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | φορβή | n | herb, fodder, forage | CLD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
