Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ghrēu- : ghrəu- : ghrū- 'to crush, rub sharply'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Cornish: | grou | n | grit | GED |
Welsh: | gro | n | grit | GED |
English | ||||
Old English: | grēat | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED |
grēot | n.neut | grit, dust, earth | LRC | |
grotan | n | groat | W7 | |
grūt | n | grout, coarse meal | W7 | |
grytt | n | grit | W7 | |
Middle English: | agrete | adv | collectively, as a body | MEV |
gravel | n | gravel | W7 | |
grete | n | grit | W7 | |
grewel | n | gruel | W7 | |
groot | n | groat, former British fourpence coin | W7 | |
grotes | n.pl | groat, grains exclusive of hull | W7 | |
gruen | vb | to shiver | W7 | |
gryt | n | grit | W7 | |
English: | achromatic | adj | without prismatic effect | AHD |
chroma | n | color saturation | AHD/W7 | |
chromatic | adj | re: color sensations/phenomena | AHD/W7 | |
chrom(at)o- | pfx | re: color | AHD | |
-chrome | n.sfx | colored thing | AHD/W7 | |
chrome | n | chromium | AHD/W7 | |
chromium | n | blue-white multivalent metal | AHD/W7 | |
congruent | adj | congruous | AHD/W7 | |
gravel | n | sand | AHD/W7 | |
great | adj | big, large in size | AHD/W7 | |
grit | n | chaff | AHD/W7 | |
grit | n | sand, gravel | AHD/W7 | |
groat | n | hulled grain broken into larger fragments than grits | AHD/W7 | |
groat | n | former British coin: fourpence | AHD/W7 | |
grout | n | lees | AHD/W7 | |
grow | vb.dial | to shiver | AHD/W7 | |
growsome | adj | gruesome | AHD/W7 | |
grue | vb | to shiver | AHD/W7 | |
gruel | n | thin porridge | AHD/W7 | |
gruesome | adj | grisly, inspiring horror/repulsion | AHD/W7 | |
panchromatic | adj | sensitive to all visible light | TLL | |
rhodochrosite | n | rose red mineral: manganese carbonate | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | grāt | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED |
Middle Dutch: | grūwen | vb | to shiver | W7 |
Dutch: | groot | adj | great | TLL |
Old Saxon: | griot | n.neut | grit, rocks | GED |
grōt | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED | |
Old High German: | grioz | n.neut | grit, rocks | GED |
grōz | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED | |
ingrūēn | vb | to shiver | W7 | |
German: | Gries | n | grit | ASD |
gross | adj | great, thick | ASD | |
Rhodocrosit | n | rhodochrosite | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | grautr | n.masc | groat(s) | GED |
grjōt | n.neut | grit | GED | |
Icelandic: | grjōt | n.neut | grit, stones, rubble | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | Greotingi | prop.n.fem | Ostrogoth tribe | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | congruens | adj/vb.ptc | same, congruent | W7 |
congruo, congruere | vb | to agree, come together, have same dimensions | W7 | |
furfur | n.masc | bran | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | -chroma, chromat- | sfx | colored thing | W7 |
New Latin: | chromium | n.neut | chromium | W7 |
Old French: | gravele | n.fem | gravel, pebbles, pebbly ground | W7 |
greve | n.fem | beach, pebbly ground | W7 | |
Middle French: | gravele | n.fem | gravel, pebbles, pebbly ground | W7 |
French: | chrome | n.masc | chromium | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | graudùs | adj | brittle | GED |
grū́das | n | grain | GED | |
grū́sti | vb | to stamp | GED | |
Latvian: | graûds | n | grain | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | akhrōmatos | adj | achromatic | AHD |
rhodochrōs | adj | rose-colored | W7 | |
χραύω | vb | to scrape, graze, wound slightly | RPN | |
χροιά | n | skin; body | RPN | |
χρῶμα, χρῶματος | n.neut | color, surface of the skin | RPN | |
chrōmatikos | adj | chromatic, re: color | W7 | |
χρώς | n.masc | color, skin, surface of the body | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dial | = | dialectal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |