Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ghrēu- : ghrəu- : ghrū- 'to crush, rub sharply'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Cornish: | grou | n | grit | GED |
| Welsh: | gro | n | grit | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | grēat | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED |
| grēot | n.neut | grit, dust, earth | LRC | |
| grotan | n | groat | W7 | |
| grūt | n | grout, coarse meal | W7 | |
| grytt | n | grit | W7 | |
| Middle English: | agrete | adv | collectively, as a body | MEV |
| gravel | n | gravel | W7 | |
| grete | n | grit | W7 | |
| grewel | n | gruel | W7 | |
| groot | n | groat, former British fourpence coin | W7 | |
| grotes | n.pl | groat, grains exclusive of hull | W7 | |
| gruen | vb | to shiver | W7 | |
| gryt | n | grit | W7 | |
| English: | achromatic | adj | without prismatic effect | AHD |
| chroma | n | color saturation | AHD/W7 | |
| chromatic | adj | re: color sensations/phenomena | AHD/W7 | |
| chrom(at)o- | pfx | re: color | AHD | |
| -chrome | n.sfx | colored thing | AHD/W7 | |
| chrome | n | chromium | AHD/W7 | |
| chromium | n | blue-white multivalent metal | AHD/W7 | |
| congruent | adj | congruous | AHD/W7 | |
| gravel | n | sand | AHD/W7 | |
| great | adj | big, large in size | AHD/W7 | |
| grit | n | chaff | AHD/W7 | |
| grit | n | sand, gravel | AHD/W7 | |
| groat | n | hulled grain broken into larger fragments than grits | AHD/W7 | |
| groat | n | former British coin: fourpence | AHD/W7 | |
| grout | n | lees | AHD/W7 | |
| grow | vb.dial | to shiver | AHD/W7 | |
| growsome | adj | gruesome | AHD/W7 | |
| grue | vb | to shiver | AHD/W7 | |
| gruel | n | thin porridge | AHD/W7 | |
| gruesome | adj | grisly, inspiring horror/repulsion | AHD/W7 | |
| panchromatic | adj | sensitive to all visible light | TLL | |
| rhodochrosite | n | rose red mineral: manganese carbonate | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | grāt | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED |
| Middle Dutch: | grūwen | vb | to shiver | W7 |
| Dutch: | groot | adj | great | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | griot | n.neut | grit, rocks | GED |
| grōt | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED | |
| Old High German: | grioz | n.neut | grit, rocks | GED |
| grōz | adj | great, thick, coarse | GED | |
| ingrūēn | vb | to shiver | W7 | |
| German: | Gries | n | grit | ASD |
| gross | adj | great, thick | ASD | |
| Rhodocrosit | n | rhodochrosite | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | grautr | n.masc | groat(s) | GED |
| grjōt | n.neut | grit | GED | |
| Icelandic: | grjōt | n.neut | grit, stones, rubble | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | Greotingi | prop.n.fem | Ostrogoth tribe | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | congruens | adj/vb.ptc | same, congruent | W7 |
| congruo, congruere | vb | to agree, come together, have same dimensions | W7 | |
| furfur | n.masc | bran | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | -chroma, chromat- | sfx | colored thing | W7 |
| New Latin: | chromium | n.neut | chromium | W7 |
| Old French: | gravele | n.fem | gravel, pebbles, pebbly ground | W7 |
| greve | n.fem | beach, pebbly ground | W7 | |
| Middle French: | gravele | n.fem | gravel, pebbles, pebbly ground | W7 |
| French: | chrome | n.masc | chromium | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | graudùs | adj | brittle | GED |
| grū́das | n | grain | GED | |
| grū́sti | vb | to stamp | GED | |
| Latvian: | graûds | n | grain | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | akhrōmatos | adj | achromatic | AHD |
| rhodochrōs | adj | rose-colored | W7 | |
| χραύω | vb | to scrape, graze, wound slightly | RPN | |
| χροιά | n | skin; body | RPN | |
| χρῶμα, χρῶματος | n.neut | color, surface of the skin | RPN | |
| chrōmatikos | adj | chromatic, re: color | W7 | |
| χρώς | n.masc | color, skin, surface of the body | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
