Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯ā-, gu̯em- 'to come, go'
Semantic Field(s): to Come, to Go
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | becuman | vb | to come, become, happen | ASD/W7 |
cuma | n.masc | guest, stranger, visitor | ASD | |
cuman, cwōm, cwōmon, cumen | vb.str.IV | to come | LRC | |
wilcuma | n.masc | desirable guest/visitor | ASD | |
wilcume | interj | welcome | ASD | |
Middle English: | advent | n | advent | W7 |
amphibena | n | amphisbaena | AHD | |
aventure | n | adventure | W7 | |
base | n | base | W7 | |
basis | n | basis | AHD | |
becomen | vb | to come to, become | W7 | |
comen | vb | to come | W7 | |
convenen | vb | to convene | W7 | |
convenient | adj | convenient | W7 | |
conventicle | n | conventicle | W7 | |
convention | n | convention | W7 | |
covenant | n | covenant | W7 | |
covent | n | convent | W7 | |
covin | n | coven | W7 | |
inventen | vb | to invent | W7 | |
mesaventure | n | misadventure | W7 | |
preventen | vb | to prevent | W7 | |
revenue | n | revenue | W7 | |
venyw | n | action of coming | W7 | |
welcome, wilcume | interj | welcome | W7 | |
English: | abasia | n | inability to walk | AHD |
acrobat | n | one who performs gymnastic feats | AHD/W7 | |
adiabatic | adj | occurring without heat gain/loss | AHD/W7 | |
Advent | prop.n | penitential pre-Christmas season | W7 | |
advent | n | coming, arrival | AHD/W7 | |
adventitious | adj | added extrinsically, not innate/inherent | AHD/W7 | |
adventure | n | undertaking involving danger/unknown risks | AHD/W7 | |
amphisbaena | n | serpent with head at each end able to move in either direction (classical mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
anabaena | n | freshwater algae | AHD | |
anabasis | n | advance, going/marching up | AHD/W7 | |
avenue | n | opening/passageway to some place | AHD/W7 | |
base | n | foundation, object's bottom viewed as its support | AHD/W7 | |
basis | n | foundation, principal component | AHD/W7 | |
batophobia | n | fear of passing tall building | AHD | |
become, became, become | vb.str | to come into existence | AHD/W7 | |
bema | n | sanctuary, part of Eastern church containing altar | AHD/W7 | |
circumvent | vb.trans | to hem in | AHD/W7 | |
come, came, come | vb.str | to approach, move toward something | AHD/W7 | |
contravene | vb.trans | to go/act contrary to | AHD/W7 | |
convene | vb | to come together | AHD/W7 | |
convenient | adj | proper, suitable | AHD/W7 | |
convent | n | local house/community of religious order/congregation | AHD/W7 | |
convent | vb | to convene | AHD/W7 | |
conventicle | n | meeting, assembly | AHD/W7 | |
convention | n | contract, agreement | AHD/W7 | |
coven | n | band/assembly of (13) witches | AHD/W7 | |
covenant | n | compact, formal/solemn/binding agreement | AHD/W7 | |
diabase | n | diorite | AHD/W7 | |
diabetes | n | condition involving abnormal levels of blood sugar | AHD/W7 | |
event | n | occurrence, something that happens | AHD/W7 | |
eventual | adj | contingent, conditional; ultimate | AHD/W7 | |
intervene | vb.intrans | to enter/appear as irrelevant/extraneous feature/circumstance | AHD/W7 | |
invent | vb.trans | to find, discover | AHD/W7 | |
misadventure | n | mishap, misfortune | AHD/W7 | |
overcome, overcame, overcome | vb.str | to overwhelm, overpower, get the better of | W7 | |
parvenu | n | upstart, one who has recently/suddenly attained wealth/power | AHD/W7 | |
prevenient | adj | antecedent, anticipatory | AHD/W7 | |
prevent | vb | to anticipate/be ready for (some event) | AHD/W7 | |
provenance | n | source, origin | AHD/W7 | |
provenience | n | source, origin | AHD | |
revenant | n | one who returns after death/long absence | AHD/W7 | |
revenue | n | income derived from investment | AHD/W7 | |
souvenir | n | memento, something serving as reminder | AHD/W7 | |
stereobate | n | masonry substructure visible above ground level | AHD/W7 | |
stylobate | n | continuous flat coping/pavement on which row of columns is supported | AHD/W7 | |
subvention | n | provision of assistance/financial support | AHD/W7 | |
supervene | vb.intrans | to occur as additional/adventitious/unlooked-for development | AHD/W7 | |
venire | n | writ issued by judge summoning jurors | AHD | |
venue | n | place/county where alleged events take place, from which legal action arises | AHD/W7 | |
welcome | interj | used to express greeting to guest/newcomer upon arrival | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | koma, kuma | vb.str | to come, arrive | GED |
Frisian: | kommen | vb | to come | ASD |
Dutch: | komen, kwam | vb | to come, came | ASD/TLL |
Old Saxon: | cuman, kuman | vb.str | to come, arrive | ASD/GED |
Old High German: | coman | vb.str | to come, arrive | GED |
queman | vb | to come, go | W7 | |
willicomo | interj | welcome | ASD | |
willicomo | n | desirable guest | W7 | |
Middle High German: | komen | vb | to come | ASD |
German: | kommen | vb | to come, arrive | GED |
willkommen | interj | welcome | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | koma | vb | to come, arrive; reach, obtain; occur | LRC |
Icelandic: | koma | vb | to come | ASD |
Danish: | komme | vb | to come | ASD |
Swedish: | komma | vb | to come | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *ana-qiman | vb.str.IV | to approach | GED |
gaqumþs | n.str.fem | assembly, synagogue | LRC | |
*miþ-qiman | vb.str.IV | to go along with | GED | |
qiman | vb.str.IV | to come, arrive | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | kommen | vb | to come, arrive | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | advenio, advenīre | vb | to arrive, come to someone | W7 |
adventicius | adj | coming from without | W7 | |
adventus, adventūs | n.masc | arrival, coming | LRC | |
amphisbaena | n.fem | amphisbaena | W7 | |
basis | n.fem | base, foundation | W7 | |
circumvenio, circumvenire, circumvēnī, circumventus | vb | to encircle, circumvent | W7 | |
conveniens, convenientis | adj/vb.ptc | convenient | W7 | |
convenio, convenīre, convēnī, conventus | vb | to agree, come together, be suitable | W7 | |
conventiculum | n.neut | assembly, reunion | W7 | |
conventio | n.fem | coming together | W7 | |
conventus | n.masc | assembly | W7 | |
diabetes | n.masc | diabetes | W7 | |
evenio, evenire, eveni, eventus | vb | to happen | W7 | |
eventus, eventūs | n.masc | event, consequence | W7 | |
intervenio, intervenire | vb | to come/occur between | W7 | |
invenio, invenīre, invēnī, inventus | vb | to find, invent, come upon | W7 | |
perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum | vb | to reach, arrive | LRC | |
praeveniens, praevenientis | adj/vb.ptc | coming before | W7 | |
praevenio, praevenire, praeveni, praeventus | vb | to come before, anticipate, forestall | W7 | |
provenio, provenire | vb | to come forward | W7 | |
revenio, revenire | vb | to come back | W7 | |
stereobata | n.fem | foundation | W7 | |
subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventus | vb | to come up, come to the rescue | W7 | |
supervenio, supervenire, superveni, superventus | vb | to come | W7 | |
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum | vb | to come, arrive | LRC | |
Vulgar Latin: | adventura | n.fem | adventure | W7 |
Late Latin: | bema | n.neut | step, tribune, tribunal | W7 |
contravenio, contravenīre | vb | to come against | W7 | |
subventio, subventionis | n.fem | assistance | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | convenium | n.neut | agreement | W7 |
conventus | n.masc | convent | W7 | |
New Latin: | Anabaena | prop.n | (genus name for) anabaena | AHD |
Old French: | advent | n | advent | AHD |
avenir | vb | to chance, happen | W7 | |
aventure | n.fem | adventure | W7 | |
base | n | base | AHD | |
covenant | n.masc | contract, agreement | W7 | |
covenir | vb | to agree | W7 | |
covent | n.masc | convent | W7 | |
mesavenir | vb | to chance badly | W7 | |
mesaventure | n.fem | misadventure | W7 | |
Middle French: | avenir, avenu | vb | to come to | W7 |
base | n.fem | basis | W7 | |
contrevenir | vb | to contravene | W7 | |
convenir | vb | to come together | W7 | |
convention | n.fem | agreement | W7 | |
covin | n.masc | coven | W7 | |
event | n.masc | event | W7 | |
revenir | vb | to return | W7 | |
souvenir | vb | to remember | W7 | |
venir | vb | to come | W7 | |
venue | n.fem | action of coming | W7 | |
French: | acrobate | n.masc | acrobat | W7 |
avenue | n | avenue | CDC | |
diabase | n.fem | action of walking through | W7 | |
parvenir | vb | to arrive, achieve | W7 | |
parvenu | n.masc | parvenu, nouveau-riche | W7 | |
provenance | n.fem | origin | W7 | |
provenir | vb | to come forth, originate | W7 | |
revenant | n.masc | ghost | W7 | |
revenir | vb | to return | W7 | |
souvenir | n.masc | memory | W7 | |
stéréobate | n.masc | stereobate | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | gemton | vb | to bear | GED |
Lithuanian: | gemù | vb | to come; be born | LRC |
giminė | n.fem | family, lineage | LRC | |
gim̃ti | vb | to come; be born | GED | |
Latvian: | dzìmt, dzimstu, dzimu | vb | to come; be born | LRC |
piedzimt, piedzimstu, piedzimu | vb | to come; be born | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | ἐβάθη | vb | to be born | GED |
Greek: | adiabatos | adj | impassable | W7 |
akrobatein | vb | to walk on tip-toe | AHD | |
akrobatēs | n.masc | acrobat | W7 | |
akrobatos | adj | walking high | W7 | |
amphisbaina | n.fem | a serpent with a head at both ends | W7 | |
ἀναβαίνω | vb | to mount, go up | LRC | |
Anabasis | prop.n.fem | book by Xenophon | W7 | |
anabasis | vb.ger | going up/inland | W7 | |
βαίνω | vb | to go, walk, set out | LRC | |
basis | n.fem | step, base | W7 | |
βάσκω | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
βατός | adj | passable, accessible | GED | |
bēma | n.neut | step, tribunal | W7 | |
βίβημι | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
diabainein | vb | to cross over | W7 | |
diabasis | n.fem | act of crossing over | W7 | |
diabatos | adj | passable | W7 | |
diabētēs | n.masc | diabetes | W7 | |
ἐμβαίνω | vb | to enter | LRC | |
καταβαίνω | vb | to descend | LRC | |
stylobatēs | n.masc | pillared walkway | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | kam | vb | to be, exist | LRC |
Armenian: | ekn | vb | to come | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | a-gmatā | vb.pret | he came | LRC |
ǰamiya | vb.pres | goes | GED | |
Avestan: | jamaiti | vb | to go | LRC |
jasaiti | vb | to go | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | gácchati | vb | to go, step, stride | GED |
gámati | vb | to go, step, stride | LRC | |
jigāti | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian: | käm- | vb | to come, arrive | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
IV | = | class 4 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
ger | = | gerund(ive) |
interj | = | interjection |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pres | = | present (tense) |
pret | = | preterite (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |