Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯ā-, gu̯em- 'to come, go'
Semantic Field(s): to Come, to Go
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | becuman | vb | to come, become, happen | ASD/W7 |
| cuma | n.masc | guest, stranger, visitor | ASD | |
| cuman, cwōm, cwōmon, cumen | vb.str.IV | to come | LRC | |
| wilcuma | n.masc | desirable guest/visitor | ASD | |
| wilcume | interj | welcome | ASD | |
| Middle English: | advent | n | advent | W7 |
| amphibena | n | amphisbaena | AHD | |
| aventure | n | adventure | W7 | |
| base | n | base | W7 | |
| basis | n | basis | AHD | |
| becomen | vb | to come to, become | W7 | |
| comen | vb | to come | W7 | |
| convenen | vb | to convene | W7 | |
| convenient | adj | convenient | W7 | |
| conventicle | n | conventicle | W7 | |
| convention | n | convention | W7 | |
| covenant | n | covenant | W7 | |
| covent | n | convent | W7 | |
| covin | n | coven | W7 | |
| inventen | vb | to invent | W7 | |
| mesaventure | n | misadventure | W7 | |
| preventen | vb | to prevent | W7 | |
| revenue | n | revenue | W7 | |
| venyw | n | action of coming | W7 | |
| welcome, wilcume | interj | welcome | W7 | |
| English: | abasia | n | inability to walk | AHD |
| acrobat | n | one who performs gymnastic feats | AHD/W7 | |
| adiabatic | adj | occurring without heat gain/loss | AHD/W7 | |
| Advent | prop.n | penitential pre-Christmas season | W7 | |
| advent | n | coming, arrival | AHD/W7 | |
| adventitious | adj | added extrinsically, not innate/inherent | AHD/W7 | |
| adventure | n | undertaking involving danger/unknown risks | AHD/W7 | |
| amphisbaena | n | serpent with head at each end able to move in either direction (classical mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| anabaena | n | freshwater algae | AHD | |
| anabasis | n | advance, going/marching up | AHD/W7 | |
| avenue | n | opening/passageway to some place | AHD/W7 | |
| base | n | foundation, object's bottom viewed as its support | AHD/W7 | |
| basis | n | foundation, principal component | AHD/W7 | |
| batophobia | n | fear of passing tall building | AHD | |
| become, became, become | vb.str | to come into existence | AHD/W7 | |
| bema | n | sanctuary, part of Eastern church containing altar | AHD/W7 | |
| circumvent | vb.trans | to hem in | AHD/W7 | |
| come, came, come | vb.str | to approach, move toward something | AHD/W7 | |
| contravene | vb.trans | to go/act contrary to | AHD/W7 | |
| convene | vb | to come together | AHD/W7 | |
| convenient | adj | proper, suitable | AHD/W7 | |
| convent | n | local house/community of religious order/congregation | AHD/W7 | |
| convent | vb | to convene | AHD/W7 | |
| conventicle | n | meeting, assembly | AHD/W7 | |
| convention | n | contract, agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| coven | n | band/assembly of (13) witches | AHD/W7 | |
| covenant | n | compact, formal/solemn/binding agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| diabase | n | diorite | AHD/W7 | |
| diabetes | n | condition involving abnormal levels of blood sugar | AHD/W7 | |
| event | n | occurrence, something that happens | AHD/W7 | |
| eventual | adj | contingent, conditional; ultimate | AHD/W7 | |
| intervene | vb.intrans | to enter/appear as irrelevant/extraneous feature/circumstance | AHD/W7 | |
| invent | vb.trans | to find, discover | AHD/W7 | |
| misadventure | n | mishap, misfortune | AHD/W7 | |
| overcome, overcame, overcome | vb.str | to overwhelm, overpower, get the better of | W7 | |
| parvenu | n | upstart, one who has recently/suddenly attained wealth/power | AHD/W7 | |
| prevenient | adj | antecedent, anticipatory | AHD/W7 | |
| prevent | vb | to anticipate/be ready for (some event) | AHD/W7 | |
| provenance | n | source, origin | AHD/W7 | |
| provenience | n | source, origin | AHD | |
| revenant | n | one who returns after death/long absence | AHD/W7 | |
| revenue | n | income derived from investment | AHD/W7 | |
| souvenir | n | memento, something serving as reminder | AHD/W7 | |
| stereobate | n | masonry substructure visible above ground level | AHD/W7 | |
| stylobate | n | continuous flat coping/pavement on which row of columns is supported | AHD/W7 | |
| subvention | n | provision of assistance/financial support | AHD/W7 | |
| supervene | vb.intrans | to occur as additional/adventitious/unlooked-for development | AHD/W7 | |
| venire | n | writ issued by judge summoning jurors | AHD | |
| venue | n | place/county where alleged events take place, from which legal action arises | AHD/W7 | |
| welcome | interj | used to express greeting to guest/newcomer upon arrival | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | koma, kuma | vb.str | to come, arrive | GED |
| Frisian: | kommen | vb | to come | ASD |
| Dutch: | komen, kwam | vb | to come, came | ASD/TLL |
| Old Saxon: | cuman, kuman | vb.str | to come, arrive | ASD/GED |
| Old High German: | coman | vb.str | to come, arrive | GED |
| queman | vb | to come, go | W7 | |
| willicomo | interj | welcome | ASD | |
| willicomo | n | desirable guest | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | komen | vb | to come | ASD |
| German: | kommen | vb | to come, arrive | GED |
| willkommen | interj | welcome | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | koma | vb | to come, arrive; reach, obtain; occur | LRC |
| Icelandic: | koma | vb | to come | ASD |
| Danish: | komme | vb | to come | ASD |
| Swedish: | komma | vb | to come | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *ana-qiman | vb.str.IV | to approach | GED |
| gaqumþs | n.str.fem | assembly, synagogue | LRC | |
| *miþ-qiman | vb.str.IV | to go along with | GED | |
| qiman | vb.str.IV | to come, arrive | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | kommen | vb | to come, arrive | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | advenio, advenīre | vb | to arrive, come to someone | W7 |
| adventicius | adj | coming from without | W7 | |
| adventus, adventūs | n.masc | arrival, coming | LRC | |
| amphisbaena | n.fem | amphisbaena | W7 | |
| basis | n.fem | base, foundation | W7 | |
| circumvenio, circumvenire, circumvēnī, circumventus | vb | to encircle, circumvent | W7 | |
| conveniens, convenientis | adj/vb.ptc | convenient | W7 | |
| convenio, convenīre, convēnī, conventus | vb | to agree, come together, be suitable | W7 | |
| conventiculum | n.neut | assembly, reunion | W7 | |
| conventio | n.fem | coming together | W7 | |
| conventus | n.masc | assembly | W7 | |
| diabetes | n.masc | diabetes | W7 | |
| evenio, evenire, eveni, eventus | vb | to happen | W7 | |
| eventus, eventūs | n.masc | event, consequence | W7 | |
| intervenio, intervenire | vb | to come/occur between | W7 | |
| invenio, invenīre, invēnī, inventus | vb | to find, invent, come upon | W7 | |
| perveniō, pervenīre, pervēnī, perventum | vb | to reach, arrive | LRC | |
| praeveniens, praevenientis | adj/vb.ptc | coming before | W7 | |
| praevenio, praevenire, praeveni, praeventus | vb | to come before, anticipate, forestall | W7 | |
| provenio, provenire | vb | to come forward | W7 | |
| revenio, revenire | vb | to come back | W7 | |
| stereobata | n.fem | foundation | W7 | |
| subvenio, subvenire, subveni, subventus | vb | to come up, come to the rescue | W7 | |
| supervenio, supervenire, superveni, superventus | vb | to come | W7 | |
| veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum | vb | to come, arrive | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | adventura | n.fem | adventure | W7 |
| Late Latin: | bema | n.neut | step, tribune, tribunal | W7 |
| contravenio, contravenīre | vb | to come against | W7 | |
| subventio, subventionis | n.fem | assistance | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | convenium | n.neut | agreement | W7 |
| conventus | n.masc | convent | W7 | |
| New Latin: | Anabaena | prop.n | (genus name for) anabaena | AHD |
| Old French: | advent | n | advent | AHD |
| avenir | vb | to chance, happen | W7 | |
| aventure | n.fem | adventure | W7 | |
| base | n | base | AHD | |
| covenant | n.masc | contract, agreement | W7 | |
| covenir | vb | to agree | W7 | |
| covent | n.masc | convent | W7 | |
| mesavenir | vb | to chance badly | W7 | |
| mesaventure | n.fem | misadventure | W7 | |
| Middle French: | avenir, avenu | vb | to come to | W7 |
| base | n.fem | basis | W7 | |
| contrevenir | vb | to contravene | W7 | |
| convenir | vb | to come together | W7 | |
| convention | n.fem | agreement | W7 | |
| covin | n.masc | coven | W7 | |
| event | n.masc | event | W7 | |
| revenir | vb | to return | W7 | |
| souvenir | vb | to remember | W7 | |
| venir | vb | to come | W7 | |
| venue | n.fem | action of coming | W7 | |
| French: | acrobate | n.masc | acrobat | W7 |
| avenue | n | avenue | CDC | |
| diabase | n.fem | action of walking through | W7 | |
| parvenir | vb | to arrive, achieve | W7 | |
| parvenu | n.masc | parvenu, nouveau-riche | W7 | |
| provenance | n.fem | origin | W7 | |
| provenir | vb | to come forth, originate | W7 | |
| revenant | n.masc | ghost | W7 | |
| revenir | vb | to return | W7 | |
| souvenir | n.masc | memory | W7 | |
| stéréobate | n.masc | stereobate | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | gemton | vb | to bear | GED |
| Lithuanian: | gemù | vb | to come; be born | LRC |
| giminė | n.fem | family, lineage | LRC | |
| gim̃ti | vb | to come; be born | GED | |
| Latvian: | dzìmt, dzimstu, dzimu | vb | to come; be born | LRC |
| piedzimt, piedzimstu, piedzimu | vb | to come; be born | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | ἐβάθη | vb | to be born | GED |
| Greek: | adiabatos | adj | impassable | W7 |
| akrobatein | vb | to walk on tip-toe | AHD | |
| akrobatēs | n.masc | acrobat | W7 | |
| akrobatos | adj | walking high | W7 | |
| amphisbaina | n.fem | a serpent with a head at both ends | W7 | |
| ἀναβαίνω | vb | to mount, go up | LRC | |
| Anabasis | prop.n.fem | book by Xenophon | W7 | |
| anabasis | vb.ger | going up/inland | W7 | |
| βαίνω | vb | to go, walk, set out | LRC | |
| basis | n.fem | step, base | W7 | |
| βάσκω | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
| βατός | adj | passable, accessible | GED | |
| bēma | n.neut | step, tribunal | W7 | |
| βίβημι | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
| diabainein | vb | to cross over | W7 | |
| diabasis | n.fem | act of crossing over | W7 | |
| diabatos | adj | passable | W7 | |
| diabētēs | n.masc | diabetes | W7 | |
| ἐμβαίνω | vb | to enter | LRC | |
| καταβαίνω | vb | to descend | LRC | |
| stylobatēs | n.masc | pillared walkway | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | kam | vb | to be, exist | LRC |
| Armenian: | ekn | vb | to come | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | a-gmatā | vb.pret | he came | LRC |
| ǰamiya | vb.pres | goes | GED | |
| Avestan: | jamaiti | vb | to go | LRC |
| jasaiti | vb | to go | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gácchati | vb | to go, step, stride | GED |
| gámati | vb | to go, step, stride | LRC | |
| jigāti | vb | to go, step, stride | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | käm- | vb | to come, arrive | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |