Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gu̯ēb(h)- 'slimy; frog'
Semantic Field(s): Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | quav(er)en | vb | to quaver | W7 |
| English: | bufotenine | n | alkaloid found in toad skin | AHD |
| quab | n | bog, morass, quagmire | IEW | |
| quack | n | quacksalver | W7 | |
| quacksalver | n | charlatan, pretender to medical skill | AHD/W7 | |
| quaver | vb | to shake, tremble | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | quac- | pfx | liquid, unguent | AHD |
| Dutch: | kwakzalver | n | quacksalver | W7 |
| Low German: | quabbeln | vb | to quaver, shake like jelly | AHD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | būfō, būfōnis | n.masc | toad | AHD/ELD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
