Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. gu̯ei̯-, and gu̯ei̯ə- 'to live, survive'
Semantic Field(s): to Live; Living; Life
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bēo, bēu | adj | quick | GED |
| bith | n | world | GED | |
| Welsh: | byw | adj | quick | GED |
| Gaulish: | bitu- | n | life; world | GED |
| Bitu-rīges | prop.n | World Ruler | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cēod(a) | n.masc | sack, pocket | GED |
| codd | n.masc | cod, hull, husk, pillow | ASD/GED | |
| cwic-bēam | n.masc | type of tree (poplar?) | ASD | |
| cwice | n.fem | quitch | ASD/W7 | |
| cwic(u), cwuc, cwyc, cuc | adj | quick | ASD/GED | |
| cwifer | adj | agile, quick | W7 | |
| cwiþ(a) | n.masc | womb, belly, body | GED | |
| c(w)udu, cwuda, cweodo, cwidu | n.neut | cud, quid, stomach contents | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | azoc | n | azoth | AHD |
| cudde | n | cud | W7 | |
| quicche | n | quitch | W7 | |
| quik | adj | quick | W7 | |
| quiver | adj | quick, agile | W7 | |
| quiveren | vb | to quiver | W7 | |
| reviven | vb | to revive | W7 | |
| surviven | vb | to survive | W7 | |
| viand | n | viand | W7 | |
| vitaille | n | victual | W7 | |
| vital | adj | vital | W7 | |
| wyvere | n | wyvern, viper | W7 | |
| zodiac | n | zodiac | W7 | |
| English: | aerobe | n | organism that lives only in presence of oxygen | AHD/W7 |
| amphibian | n | amphibious organism | AHD/W7 | |
| amphibious | adj | adapted to both land and water | TLL | |
| anabiosis | n | suspended animation induced by desiccation | AHD/W7 | |
| azoth | n | mercury: first principle of metal (alchemy) | AHD/W7 | |
| bio- | pfx | life, living organism | AHD | |
| biota | n | flora/fauna of region | AHD/W7 | |
| biotic | adj | re: life | AHD/W7 | |
| cenobite | n | religious group member living in common | AHD/W7 | |
| cod | n | bag, sack | OED | |
| convivial | adj | re: feasting/drinking/good company | AHD/W7 | |
| cud | n | food re-chewed by ruminant | AHD/W7 | |
| dendrobium | n | (genus of) SE Asian orchid | AHD/CDC | |
| diazo | adj | re: bonded pair of nitrogen atoms | AHD | |
| hylozoism | n | doctrine: all matter is animated | AHD/W7 | |
| microbe | n | germ, microorganism | AHD/W7 | |
| quick | adj | alive, living, animate, not dead | AHD/W7 | |
| quick | n | living thing(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| Quickbeam | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Bregalad in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| quicksilver | n/adj | mercury | W7 | |
| quitch | n | couch grass | AHD/W7 | |
| quiver | vb | to shake, move with slight tremble | AHD/W7 | |
| revive | vb | to return to life/consciousness, become active/flourishing again | AHD/W7 | |
| rhizobium | n | heterotrophic soil bacterium | AHD/W7 | |
| saprobe | n | organism that obtains nourishment osmotically | AHD/W7 | |
| survive | vb | to live on, remain alive/in existence | AHD/W7 | |
| symbiosis | n | (dissimilar organisms) living together in more/less close association | AHD/W7 | |
| viable | adj | capable of living | AHD/W7 | |
| viand | n | food item | AHD/W7 | |
| victual | n | food usable by man | AHD/W7 | |
| vital | adj | existing as manifestation of life | AHD/W7 | |
| vitamin | n | nutritional substance essential in minute quantity | AHD/W7 | |
| viva | interj | used to express approval/good will | AHD/W7 | |
| vivacious | adj | sprightly, lively in temper/conduct | AHD/W7 | |
| vivid | adj | lively, re: showing vigorous life/freshness | AHD/W7 | |
| viviparous | adj | giving birth to living young | AHD/W7 | |
| weever | n | edible marine percoid fish with venomous spines on dorsal fin | AHD/W7 | |
| wyvern | n | fabulous 2-legged winged creature resembling dragon | AHD/W7 | |
| zodiac | n | imaginary belt in sky with ecliptic as central line | AHD/W7 | |
| zodiacal | adj | re: zodiac | LRC | |
| -zoic | adj.sfx | re: animal mode of existence | AHD/W7 | |
| -zoic | adj.sfx | re: specified geologic era | AHD/W7 | |
| -zoon | n.sfx | re: animal | AHD/W7 | |
| zoon | n | whole product of fertilized egg | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | quik | adj | quick | GED |
| Frisian: | quick | adj | quick | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | quic | adj | quick | GED |
| Dutch: | bioscoop | n | cinema | TLL |
| kweek-gras | n.neut | dog's grass | ASD | |
| kwik | adj | quick | ASD | |
| kwik | n | quicksilver | LRC | |
| kwikzilver | n | quicksilver | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | quik, quic | adj | quick | ASD/GED |
| Middle Low German: | queden | n | peritoneum | GED |
| Old High German: | kweksilabar | n | quicksilver | KDW |
| quadilla | n.fem | blister on skin | GED | |
| quecca | n | quitch | W7 | |
| quik, quek, quec, chuech | adj | quick, lively | ASD | |
| quiti | n | vulva | GED | |
| Middle High German: | këc, quëc | adj | quick | ASD |
| German: | keck | adj | brisk, perky | ASD |
| Quecke | n.fem | quitch, grass with creeping roots | ASD | |
| Quecksilber | n.neut | quicksilver | TLL | |
| quecksilbern | adj | quicksilver | ASD | |
| Symbiose | n | symbiosis | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kvika | n | sensitive flesh | W7 |
| kvikr, kykr | adj | quick | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | koddi | n | cod, pillow; scrotum | GED |
| kuikr | adj | quick | GED | |
| kviðr | n | womb, belly, body | GED | |
| kviðugr | adj | pregnant | GED | |
| Icelandic: | kwikr, kykr | adj | quick | ASD |
| Danish: | biograf | n | cinema | TLL |
| kviksølv | n | quicksilver | TLL | |
| quik | adj | quick | ASD | |
| qwik-græs | n | quitch | ASD | |
| Old Swedish: | kviþer | n | womb, belly | GED |
| Swedish: | biograf | n | cinema | TLL |
| kvicksilver | n | quicksilver | TLL | |
| kwick | adj | quick | ASD | |
| qwick-hwete | n.neut | dog's grass growing among wheat | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *ga-qiujan | vb.wk.I | to make alive | GED |
| *qiþus | n.masc | womb, belly, stomach | GED | |
| qius | adj | quick | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | convivium | n.neut | banquet | W7 |
| revivo, revivere | vb | to live again | W7 | |
| supervivo, supervivere | vb | to survive | W7 | |
| victus, victūs | n.masc | nourishment | W7 | |
| vipera | n.fem | viper, snake | W7 | |
| vita, vitae | n.fem | life | LRC | |
| vitalis | adj | of life | W7 | |
| vivax, vivacis | adj | animated, energetic, that lives long | W7 | |
| vivendus | vb.ger | in order to experience | W7 | |
| vividus | adj | vivid | W7 | |
| viviparus | adj | viviparous | W7 | |
| vivo, vivere, vixi, victus | vb | to live | W7 | |
| vivus | adj | quick | W7 | |
| zodiacus | n.masc | zodiac | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | coenobita | n.masc | monk | W7 |
| coenobium | n.neut | monastery | W7 | |
| convivialis | adj | of life in common | W7 | |
| victualia | n.neut.pl | victuals, provisions | W7 | |
| victualis | adj | of nourishment | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | vivanda | n.fem | food | W7 |
| New Latin: | Amphibia | prop.n | (class name for) amphibians | AHD |
| anabiosis | n.fem | anabiosis, to live again | W7 | |
| biota | n.neut.pl | biota | W7 | |
| rhizobium | n.neut | (genus of) bacterium | W7 | |
| symbiosis | n.fem | symbiosis | W7 | |
| -zoon | sfx | animal | W7 | |
| zoon | n.neut | zoon | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | vivo | adj | vivid, alive | TLL |
| Spanish: | vivo | adj | vivid, alive | TLL |
| Old French: | azoc | n | azoth | AHD |
| Old North French: | wivre | n.fem | wyvern, viper | W7 |
| Middle French: | revivre | vb | to live again | W7 |
| survivre | vb | to outlive | W7 | |
| viable | adj | fit for life | W7 | |
| viand | n.masc | meat, food | W7 | |
| vie | n.fem | life | W7 | |
| vitaille | n.fem | nourishment | W7 | |
| vital | adj | vital | W7 | |
| zodiaque | n.masc | zodiac | W7 | |
| French: | aérobie | n.masc | aerobe | W7 |
| viable | adj | fit for life, that will stay alive | W7 | |
| vif | adj | vivid, alive | TLL | |
| Italian: | viva | interj | hurrah | W7 |
| vivere | vb | to live | W7 | |
| vivo | adj | vivid, alive | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | gīwa- | vb | to live | GED |
| Lithuanian: | gýti | vb | to live | GED |
| gývas | adj | quick | LRC | |
| gyvénti, gyvẽna, gyvẽno | vb | to live | LRC | |
| Latvian: | dzît | vb | to live | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | živъ | adj | quick | LRC |
| žiti | vb | to live | GED | |
| žito | n.neut | grain, produce | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | βέομαι | vb | to live | LRC |
| ζωή | n.fem | substance, means of life | LRC | |
| ζώω | vb | to live | LRC | |
| Greek: | amphibion | n | amphibious being | W7 |
| amphibios | adj | living a double life | W7 | |
| anabioun | vb | to return to life | W7 | |
| anabiōsis | n.fem | return to life | W7 | |
| βέομαι | vb | to live | GED | |
| βίος | n.masc | life, manner of living | LRC | |
| biotē | n.fem | life | W7 | |
| bioun | vb | to live | W7 | |
| biōtikos | adj | of life | W7 | |
| ζάω | vb | to live | LRC | |
| zōē | n.fem | life | W7 | |
| zōidiakos | adj | zodiacal, re: carved figures | W7 | |
| zōidion | n.neut | carved figure, zodiacal sign | W7 | |
| zōikos | adj | of animals | W7 | |
| zōion | n.neut | animal | W7 | |
| zōos | adj | alive, living | W7 | |
| ζώω | vb | to live | GED | |
| symbios | adj | living together | W7 | |
| symbioun | vb | to live together | W7 | |
| symbiōsis | n.fem | state of living together | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | koinobion | n.neut | cenobite | W7 |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | keam | vb | to live | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Iranian: | *jīvaka- | adj | lively | AHD |
| Old Persian: | jīva | adj | quick | LRC |
| Middle Persian: | *zhīwak- | adj | quick | AHD |
| Avestan: | ǰvaiti | vb | to live | GED |
| ǰyā-tu | n | life | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | jīvá- | adj | quick | LRC |
| jī́vati | vb | to live | LRC | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | śau- | vb | to live | GED |
| Tocharian A: | śo- | vb | to live | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
