Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. gu̯er(ə)- 'to praise, congratulate, raise one's voice'
Semantic Field(s): Praise (n), to Shout, Cry Out
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | bárd | n | bard | IEW/ODE |
Welsh: | bardd | n | bard | IEW |
English | ||||
Middle English: | agreen | vb | to agree | W7 |
bard | n | bard | W7 | |
grace | n | grace | W7 | |
gratis | adj/adv | gratis | W7 | |
gratitude | n | gratitude | W7 | |
maugre | prep | maugre | W7 | |
English: | agree | vb | to concede, admit | AHD/W7 |
Bard | prop.n | Laketown hero in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
bard | n | poet/singer, declaimer of epic/heroic verse | AHD/W7 | |
congratulate | vb.trans | to express pleasure to, re: success/good fortune | AHD/W7 | |
disgrace | n | loss of grace/favor/honor | AHD/W7 | |
grace | n | unmerited divine assistance given to man for regeneration/sanctification | AHD/W7 | |
grate | adj | pleasing, thankful | AHD/W7 | |
grateful | adj | appreciating benefits received | AHD/W7 | |
gratify | vb.trans | to remunerate | AHD/W7 | |
gratis | adv | free, without charge/recompense | AHD/W7 | |
gratitude | n | thankfulness, state of being grateful | AHD/W7 | |
gratuitous | adj | given unearned/without recompense | AHD/W7 | |
gratuity | n | tip, something given voluntarily | AHD | |
ingrate | n | ungrateful person | AHD/W7 | |
ingratiate | vb.trans | to gain favor by deliberate effort | AHD/W7 | |
maugre | prep | in spite of | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | queran | vb | to sigh | W7 |
German: | Barde | n.masc | bard | LRC |
gratis | adj | free, without charge/recompense | LRC | |
gratulieren | vb | to congratulate | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | bardus | n | bard | ODE |
congratulor, congratulari, congratulatus | vb.dep | to congratulate, wish joy | W7 | |
gratia, gratiae | n.fem | favor, grace, esteem, regard | LRC | |
gratificor, gratificari | vb.dep | to make oneself pleasing | W7 | |
gratiis | n.fem.abl.pl | gratis, without recompense | W7 | |
gratuitus | adj | unprovoked, gratuitous | W7 | |
gratulor, gratulari | vb.dep | to wish joy | W7 | |
gratus | vb.ptc | pleasing, agreeable | W7 | |
ingratus | adj | ungrateful | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | gratitudo | n.fem | gratitude | W7 |
Old French: | agreer | vb | to agree | AHD |
grace | n.fem | grace, charm, favor | W7 | |
gré | n.masc | pleasure | W7 | |
maugré | n.masc | displeasure | W7 | |
Middle French: | agreer | vb | to fit, agree | W7 |
disgrâce | n.fem | disgrace | W7 | |
gratifier | vb | to gratify | W7 | |
gratitude | n.fem | gratitude | W7 | |
French: | gré | n.masc | will, pleasure | W7 |
malgré | prep | in spite of | TLL | |
Old Italian: | disgrazia | n.fem | disgrace | W7 |
Italian: | grazia | n.fem | grace | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | gẽras, gerà | adj | good, well | LRC |
girdėti, gir̃di, girdėjo | vb | to hear | LRC | |
Latvian: | dzirdēt, dzirdu, dzirdēju | vb | to hear | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | gërshas | vb | to call, invite | IEW |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | gṛnāti | vb | to praise | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
abl | = | ablative (case) |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |