Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gu̯et- 'to speak, talk'
Semantic Field(s): to Speak, Talk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | andcwis | n.fem | answer, response | AHD/ASD |
| becweðan | vb | to say, assert, bequeath | ASD/W7 | |
| cweðan, cwæð, cwǣdon, cweden | vb.str.V | to say, speak | LRC | |
| cwide | n.str | statement | GED | |
| ge-cweþan | vb.str | to speak | ASD/GED | |
| un-cwisse | adj | speechless | GED | |
| Middle English: | bequest, biqueste | n | will, bequest | MEV/W7 |
| bequethen | vb | to bequeath | W7 | |
| quethen, quoth | vb.str | to say, speak | W7 | |
| English: | bequeath | vb.trans | to give/leave by will | AHD/W7 |
| bequest | n | legacy, action of bequeathing | AHD/W7 | |
| quittance | n | discharge from debt/obligation | W7 | |
| quoth | vb.str.pret | said, spoke | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | quetha, queda, quan | vb.str | to say, speak | ASD/GED/RPN |
| Old Saxon: | gi-queðan | vb | to speak | GED |
| queddian | vb.wk | to greet | GED | |
| queðan, quethan | vb.str | to say, speak | ASD/GED/RPN | |
| quiti | n.str | statement | GED | |
| Old High German: | gi-quedan | vb | to speak | GED |
| quedan | vb.str | to say, speak | GED/RPN | |
| quetten | vb.wk | to greet | GED | |
| quiti | n.str | statement | GED | |
| Middle High German: | quiden, kiden | vb | to say, speak | ASD |
| German: | Quittung | n.fem | quittance, receipt | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kveða | vb.str | to say, speak, utter, declare | GED |
| kveðja | n.fem | greeting, salute | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | kveðja | vb.wk | to greet, salute | GED |
| kviðr | n.str | statement | GED | |
| sam-kvæðr | vb.ptc | agreeing | GED | |
| ū-kvæði | adj | speechless | GED | |
| Icelandic: | kweða | vb | to say, speak | ASD |
| Danish: | qwaede | vb | to say, speak | ASD |
| Swedish: | kwaeda | vb | to say, speak | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *af-qiþan | vb.str.V | to renounce | LRC |
| *ana-qiþan | vb.str.V | to blaspheme | LRC | |
| *fra-qiþan | vb.str.V | to curse | LRC | |
| ga-kwiþan | vb | to agree | ASD | |
| *miþ-qiþan | vb.str.V | to agree | LRC | |
| qiþan | vb.str.V | to say, speak | GED | |
| us-qiþan | vb.str.V | to speak out, spread the news | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | koč̣ | n | invitation | GED |
| koč̣em | vb | to call, name | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Sogdian: | zām, žāyem | vb | to say, speak | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gádati | vb | to say, speak | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |