Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯retso- 'big, thick, gross'
Semantic Field(s): Big, Large, Great, Thick (in Dimension)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | engrossen | vb | to engross | W7 |
| groce | n.sg/pl | gross; twelve dozen things | W7 | |
| grocer | n | grocer | W7 | |
| gross | adj | gross | W7 | |
| English: | engross | vb.trans | to copy/write with large letters | AHD/W7 |
| grocer | n | dealer in foodstuffs/other staple commodities | AHD/W7 | |
| grosbeak | n | European/American finch with large stout conical bill | AHD/W7 | |
| groschen | n | small (European) coin | AHD | |
| grosgrain | n | silk/rayon fabric with cotton ribs | AHD/W7 | |
| gross | adj | immediately obvious/noticeable | AHD/W7 | |
| gross | n | amount, overall total | AHD/W7 | |
| grosz | n | Polish coin | AHD | |
| kurus | n | Turkish monetary unit | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | gross | adj | gross, big, large | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | grossa | n.fem | large handwriting | W7 |
| grossus | adj | thick, coarse | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | ingrosso, ingrossare | vb | to enlarge | W7 |
| Middle French: | gros | adj | big, fat, thick, coarse | W7 |
| grosse | n.fem | twelve dozens | W7 | |
| grossier | n | wholesaler | W7 | |
| French: | engrosser | vb | to enlarge, get a woman pregnant | W7 |
| gros | adj | gross, thick, large | W7 | |
| grosbec | n.masc | grosbeak | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
