Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯hedh- 'to ask, beg, wish for'
Semantic Field(s): to Ask, Request, to Will, Wish
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | guidiu | vb | to ask for | LRC |
Welsh: | gweddi | n | prayer | LRC |
English | ||||
Middle English: | manifest | adj | manifest | W7 |
English: | infest | vb.trans | to spread/swarm in/over in troublesome manner | AHD/W7 |
manifest | adj | readily perceived by senses, esp. by sight | AHD/W7 | |
manifest | n | list, invoice, indication, declaration | W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | Manifest | n.neut | manifest | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | geð | n.neut | mind, wits, sense; disposition, inclination | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | -festus | sfx | hit | W7 |
infesto, infestāre | vb | to infest, ravage | W7 | |
infestus | adj/vb.ptc | hostile | W7 | |
manifestus | adj | manifest, obvious | W7 | |
Middle French: | infester | vb | to infest, invade | W7 |
manifeste | adj | obvious | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | gedáuti | vb | to desire | LRC |
goodas | n | desire, longing | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | żądza | n | greed, wish, desire | LRC |
Old Church Slavonic: | žędati, žęždǫ, žęždeši | vb | to thirst, desire, covet | LRC |
zeml'ja | n.fem | earth, land | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | polythestos | adj | very desirous | LRC |
pynthanesthai | vb | to learn by inquiry | W7 | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | ǰadiyāmiy | vb | to ask for | LRC |
Avestan: | ǰaiδyemi | vb | to ask for | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |