Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gu̯hren- 'diaphragm; mind, soul'
Semantic Field(s): Front of Chest, Mind, Soul, Spirit
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | frantik | adj | frantic | W7 |
| frenesie | n | frenzy | W7 | |
| frenetik | adj | insane | W7 | |
| English: | frantic | adj | mentally deranged | AHD/W7 |
| frenetic | adj | frantic, frenzied | AHD/W7 | |
| frenzy | n | temporary madness | AHD/W7 | |
| frenzy | vb.trans | to affect with frenzy | W7 | |
| hebephrenia | n | type of schizophrenia affecting youth | AHD | |
| holophrastic | adj | expressing complex of ideas in single work | AHD/W7 | |
| paraphrase | n | restatement of text/work/passage, giving meaning in another form | AHD/W7 | |
| periphrasis | n | circumlocution, use of longer in place of shorter/plainer phrasing | AHD/W7 | |
| phrase | n | diction, characteristic style/manner of expression | AHD/W7 | |
| -phrastic | adj.sfx | re: complex of ideas | AHD/W7 | |
| -phrenia | n.sfx | condition of disordered mental functions | AHD/W7 | |
| phrenic | adj | re: diaphragm | W7 | |
| phrenitis | n | diaphragm inflammation | AHD | |
| phren(o)- | pfx | mind, diaphragm | AHD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | grunr | n.masc | suspicion | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | periphrasis | n.fem | periphrasis | W7 |
| New Latin: | -phrenia | sfx | re: mind | W7 |
| Middle French: | frenesie | n.fem | frenzy | W7 |
| frenetique | adj | insane | W7 | |
| paraphrase | n.fem | paraphrase | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | εὐφραίνω | vb | to please, delight | LRC |
| κρατερόφρων | adj | dauntless, stout-hearted | LRC | |
| paraphrazein | vb | to paraphrase | W7 | |
| periphrazein | vb | to express periphrastically | W7 | |
| periphrasis | n.fem | periphrasis | W7 | |
| phrazein | vb | to tell, explain, point out | W7 | |
| phrasis | n.fem | explanation | W7 | |
| phrenitikos | adj | re: mind | W7 | |
| phrenitis | n.fem | brain inflammation | W7 | |
| phrēn, phrenos | n.fem | mind, diaphragm | W7 | |
| φρονέω | vb | to understand | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
