Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: i̯ē- : i̯ə- 'to do, throw, project'
Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make, to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | abject | adj | abject | W7 | 
| adjacent | adj | adjacent | W7 | |
| adjective | adj | adjective | W7 | |
| amis | n | amice | W7 | |
| conjecture | n | conjecture | W7 | |
| dejecten | vb | to deject, throw down | W7 | |
| ejecten | vb | to eject | W7 | |
| ges | n | jess | W7 | |
| giste | n | joist | W7 | |
| jette | n | jetty | W7 | |
| jetteson | n | jettison | W7 | |
| object | n | object | W7 | |
| objecten | vb | to object | W7 | |
| pargetten | vb | to parget | W7 | |
| proiecte | n | project | W7 | |
| rejecten | vb | to reject | W7 | |
| subject | n | subject | W7 | |
| English: | abject | adj | sunk to low condition | AHD/W7 | 
| adjacent | adj | nearby, not distant | AHD/W7 | |
| adjective | adj | re: adjective | AHD/W7 | |
| adjective | n | noun modifier | W7 | |
| amice | n | liturgical vestment worn about neck/shoulders under alb | AHD/W7 | |
| catheter | n | tubular medical device inserted into canals/vessels/passageways/body cavities | AHD/W7 | |
| circumjacent | adj | surrounding, lying around, bordering on all sides | AHD | |
| conjecture | n | interpretation of omens | AHD/W7 | |
| deject | vb.trans | to make gloomy | AHD/W7 | |
| diesis | n | double dagger | AHD/W7 | |
| ejaculate | vb | to eject from living body | AHD/W7 | |
| eject | vb.trans | to drive out by physical force | AHD/W7 | |
| enema | n | injection of liquid into intestine by way of anus | AHD/W7 | |
| gist | n | basis for legal action | AHD/W7 | |
| gite | n | simple rural vacation retreat | AHD | |
| inject | vb.trans | to throw/drive/force into | AHD/W7 | |
| interject | vb.trans | to interpolate, throw in between/among other things | AHD/W7 | |
| jactitation | n | boastful public assertion | AHD/W7 | |
| jess | n | short strap secured on hawk's leg | AHD/W7 | |
| jettison | n | voluntary cargo sacrifice to lighten ship's load when in distress | AHD/W7 | |
| jetty | n | structure extended into sea/lake/river to influence tide/current and/or protect harbor | AHD/W7 | |
| joist | n | small timber/beam running wall-to-wall to support floor/ceiling | AHD/W7 | |
| object | n | something seen/touched/otherwise sensed | AHD/W7 | |
| object | vb | to cite as objection, offer in opposition | AHD/W7 | |
| paresis | n | slight/partial paralysis | AHD/W7 | |
| parget | vb.trans | to coat with plaster | AHD/W7 | |
| project | n | scheme, specific plan/design | AHD/W7 | |
| project | vb.trans | to throw/cast forward | AHD/W7 | |
| reject | vb.trans | to refuse to submit/acquiesce/acknowledge | AHD/W7 | |
| subjacent | adj | lying below/under | AHD/W7 | |
| subject | n | one (placed) under control/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| superjacent | adj | overlying, lying above/upon | AHD/W7 | |
| synesis | n | [grammatical construction re:] agreement/reference according to sense not syntax | AHD/W7 | |
| traject | vb.trans | to transmit | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Projekt | n.neut | project | LRC | 
| Subjekt | n.neut | subject | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abicio, abicere, abieci, abiectus | vb | to cast off | W7 | 
| adjacens, adjacentis | vb.pres.ptc | neighbouring | W7 | |
| adjaceo, adjacēre, adjacuī | vb | to lie near | W7 | |
| adjicio, adjicere, adjēcī, adjectus | vb | to throw to, add | W7 | |
| amicio, amicīre, amicuī, amictus | vb | to wrap around | W7 | |
| amictus, amictūs | n.masc | cloak, outer garment | W7 | |
| amictus | adj/vb.ptc | clad, thrown around | W7 | |
| conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus | vb | to throw together; conjecture | W7 | |
| conjectura | n.fem | conjecture, supposition | W7 | |
| deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectus | vb | to throw, throw out, reject | W7 | |
| diesis | n.masc | diesis | W7 | |
| eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus | vb | to eject | W7 | |
| ejaculor, ejaculāri, ejaculātus | vb | to throw out | W7 | |
| inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectus | vb | to throw in | W7 | |
| interico, intericere, interieci, interiectus | vb | to throw between | W7 | |
| jaceō, jacēre, jacuī | vb | to lie, recline | W7 | |
| jaciō, jacere, jēcī, iactus | vb | to throw, cast, hurl | W7 | |
| jactatio, jactationis | n.fem | action of throwing | W7 | |
| jactō, jactāre, jactāvī, jactātus | vb.freq | to throw, cast, hurl | W7 | |
| jaculor, jaculārī | vb.dep | to throw | W7 | |
| jaculum | n.neut | dart | W7 | |
| obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectus | vb | to throw in the way, hinder | W7 | |
| proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectus | vb | to throw forward | W7 | |
| reicio, reicere, reieci, reiectus | vb | to throw back | W7 | |
| subicio, subicere | vb | to subject, throw under | W7 | |
| subjaceō, subjacēre | vb | to lie under | W7 | |
| subjectum | n.neut | subject of a proposition | W7 | |
| subjectus | vb.ptc | one under authority, thrown under | W7 | |
| superjaceō, superjacēre | vb | to lie over/upon | W7 | |
| trajectus | vb.ptc | crossed | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | jacitum | vb.ptc | laid down | W7 | 
| Late Latin: | adjectivus | n.masc | adjective | W7 | 
| catheter | n.masc | catheter | W7 | |
| enema | n.neut | the injection of liquid in the intestine by way of the anus | W7 | |
| jactitatio, jactitationis | n.fem | act of bringing forward in public | W7 | |
| jactitō, jactitāre, jactitāvī, jactitātus | vb.freq | to bring forward in public | W7 | |
| jactō, jactāre | vb | to throw around | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | amictus | n.masc | a throwing around | W7 | 
| New Latin: | paresis | n.fem | slight/partial paralysis | W7 | 
| synesis | n.fem | synesis | W7 | |
| Old French: | adjectif | n | adjective | AHD | 
| amit, amis | n | cloak, amice | AHD | |
| gesir | vb | to lie, recline | AHD | |
| getaison | n.fem | action of throwing | W7 | |
| giste | n.fem | gite, lair, lodging | AHD | |
| Anglo-French: | getteson | n.fem | action of throwing | W7 | 
| gist | n.fem | basis for legal action | W7 | |
| Middle French: | adjectif | adj | adjective | W7 | 
| amit | n.masc | cloak, amice | W7 | |
| conjecture | n.fem | conjecture | W7 | |
| gesir | vb | to lie | W7 | |
| gies | n.masc | a throw | W7 | |
| gist | n.masc | gist | W7 | |
| giste | vb.ptc.fem | lying | W7 | |
| jet | n.masc | throw | W7 | |
| jeté, jetee | vb.ptc | thrown | W7 | |
| jeter | vb | to throw | W7 | |
| parjeter | vb | to throw on top of | W7 | |
| pourjet | n.masc | plan | W7 | |
| pourjeter | vb | to throw forward | W7 | |
| subject | n.masc | one under authority | W7 | |
| French: | gîte | n | gite, lair, lodging | AHD | 
| jeter | vb | to throw | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | diesis | n.fem | diesis | W7 | 
| diienai | vb | to send through | W7 | |
| enienai | vb | to inject | W7 | |
| hienai | vb | to send | W7 | |
| kathetēr | n.masc | catheter | W7 | |
| kathienai | vb | to send down | W7 | |
| πάρεσις | n.fem | remission, a letting go | LS | |
| parienai | vb | to let fall | W7 | |
| synesis | n.fem | understanding, sense | W7 | |
| συνίημι | vb | to understand, bring together | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| dep | = | deponent | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| pres | = | present (tense) | 
| ptc | = | participle | 
| trans | = | transitive | 
| vb | = | verb | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
