Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: i̯ē- : i̯ə-   'to do, throw, project'

Semantic Field(s): to Do, Make, to Throw

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Middle English: abject adj abject W7
adjacent adj adjacent W7
adjective adj adjective W7
amis n amice W7
conjecture n conjecture W7
dejecten vb to deject, throw down W7
ejecten vb to eject W7
ges n jess W7
giste n joist W7
jette n jetty W7
jetteson n jettison W7
object n object W7
objecten vb to object W7
pargetten vb to parget W7
proiecte n project W7
rejecten vb to reject W7
subject n subject W7
English: abject adj sunk to low condition AHD/W7
adjacent adj nearby, not distant AHD/W7
adjective adj re: adjective AHD/W7
adjective n noun modifier W7
amice n liturgical vestment worn about neck/shoulders under alb AHD/W7
catheter n tubular medical device inserted into canals/vessels/passageways/body cavities AHD/W7
circumjacent adj surrounding, lying around, bordering on all sides AHD
conjecture n interpretation of omens AHD/W7
deject vb.trans to make gloomy AHD/W7
diesis n double dagger AHD/W7
ejaculate vb to eject from living body AHD/W7
eject vb.trans to drive out by physical force AHD/W7
enema n injection of liquid into intestine by way of anus AHD/W7
gist n basis for legal action AHD/W7
gite n simple rural vacation retreat AHD
inject vb.trans to throw/drive/force into AHD/W7
interject vb.trans to interpolate, throw in between/among other things AHD/W7
jactitation n boastful public assertion AHD/W7
jess n short strap secured on hawk's leg AHD/W7
jettison n voluntary cargo sacrifice to lighten ship's load when in distress AHD/W7
jetty n structure extended into sea/lake/river to influence tide/current and/or protect harbor AHD/W7
joist n small timber/beam running wall-to-wall to support floor/ceiling AHD/W7
object n something seen/touched/otherwise sensed AHD/W7
object vb to cite as objection, offer in opposition AHD/W7
paresis n slight/partial paralysis AHD/W7
parget vb.trans to coat with plaster AHD/W7
project n scheme, specific plan/design AHD/W7
project vb.trans to throw/cast forward AHD/W7
reject vb.trans to refuse to submit/acquiesce/acknowledge AHD/W7
subjacent adj lying below/under AHD/W7
subject n one (placed) under control/authority AHD/W7
superjacent adj overlying, lying above/upon AHD/W7
synesis n [grammatical construction re:] agreement/reference according to sense not syntax AHD/W7
traject vb.trans to transmit AHD/W7
West Germanic  
German: Projekt n.neut project LRC
Subjekt n.neut subject LRC
Italic  
Latin: abicio, abicere, abieci, abiectus vb to cast off W7
adjacens, adjacentis vb.pres.ptc neighbouring W7
adjaceo, adjacēre, adjacuī vb to lie near W7
adjicio, adjicere, adjēcī, adjectus vb to throw to, add W7
amicio, amicīre, amicuī, amictus vb to wrap around W7
amictus, amictūs n.masc cloak, outer garment W7
amictus adj/vb.ptc clad, thrown around W7
conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectus vb to throw together; conjecture W7
conjectura n.fem conjecture, supposition W7
deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectus vb to throw, throw out, reject W7
diesis n.masc diesis W7
eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectus vb to eject W7
ejaculor, ejaculāri, ejaculātus vb to throw out W7
inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectus vb to throw in W7
interico, intericere, interieci, interiectus vb to throw between W7
jaceō, jacēre, jacuī vb to lie, recline W7
jaciō, jacere, jēcī, iactus vb to throw, cast, hurl W7
jactatio, jactationis n.fem action of throwing W7
jactō, jactāre, jactāvī, jactātus vb.freq to throw, cast, hurl W7
jaculor, jaculārī vb.dep to throw W7
jaculum n.neut dart W7
obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectus vb to throw in the way, hinder W7
proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectus vb to throw forward W7
reicio, reicere, reieci, reiectus vb to throw back W7
subicio, subicere vb to subject, throw under W7
subjaceō, subjacēre vb to lie under W7
subjectum n.neut subject of a proposition W7
subjectus vb.ptc one under authority, thrown under W7
superjaceō, superjacēre vb to lie over/upon W7
trajectus vb.ptc crossed W7
Vulgar Latin: jacitum vb.ptc laid down W7
Late Latin: adjectivus n.masc adjective W7
catheter n.masc catheter W7
enema n.neut the injection of liquid in the intestine by way of the anus W7
jactitatio, jactitationis n.fem act of bringing forward in public W7
jactitō, jactitāre, jactitāvī, jactitātus vb.freq to bring forward in public W7
jactō, jactāre vb to throw around W7
Medieval Latin: amictus n.masc a throwing around W7
New Latin: paresis n.fem slight/partial paralysis W7
synesis n.fem synesis W7
Old French: adjectif n adjective AHD
amit, amis n cloak, amice AHD
gesir vb to lie, recline AHD
getaison n.fem action of throwing W7
giste n.fem gite, lair, lodging AHD
Anglo-French: getteson n.fem action of throwing W7
gist n.fem basis for legal action W7
Middle French: adjectif adj adjective W7
amit n.masc cloak, amice W7
conjecture n.fem conjecture W7
gesir vb to lie W7
gies n.masc a throw W7
gist n.masc gist W7
giste vb.ptc.fem lying W7
jet n.masc throw W7
jeté, jetee vb.ptc thrown W7
jeter vb to throw W7
parjeter vb to throw on top of W7
pourjet n.masc plan W7
pourjeter vb to throw forward W7
subject n.masc one under authority W7
French: gîte n gite, lair, lodging AHD
jeter vb to throw W7
Hellenic  
Greek: diesis n.fem diesis W7
diienai vb to send through W7
enienai vb to inject W7
hienai vb to send W7
kathetēr n.masc catheter W7
kathienai vb to send down W7
πάρεσις n.fem remission, a letting go LS
parienai vb to let fall W7
synesis n.fem understanding, sense W7
συνίημι vb to understand, bring together LRC

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
dep=deponent
fem=feminine (gender)
freq=frequentative (aspect)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pres=present (tense)
ptc=participle
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS=Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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