Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: i̯ek- 'to speak'
Semantic Field(s): to Speak, Talk
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gēogelere | n.masc | juggler | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | jeopardie | n | jeopardy | W7 |
| jogelen | vb | to juggle | W7 | |
| jogelour | n | juggler | W7 | |
| juel | n | jewel | W7 | |
| English: | jeopardy | n | danger, exposure to/imminence of death/loss/injury | AHD/W7 |
| jewel | n | precious stone ornament | AHD/W7 | |
| jocose | adj | merry, given to joking | AHD/W7 | |
| jocular | adj | mirthful, given to jesting | AHD/W7 | |
| joke | n | something said/done to provoke laughter | AHD/W7 | |
| juggle | vb | to perform physical tricks with objects | AHD/W7 | |
| juggler | n | one who performs tricks/acts of magic | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | gehan | vb | to say | W7 |
| gougulari | n | juggler | ASD | |
| German: | Gaukler | n.masc | juggler | ASD |
| Jongleur | n.masc | juggler | LRC | |
| Juwel | n.neut | jewel | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | kuklari | n | juggler | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | jocosus | adj | humorous, re: play | W7 |
| jocularis | adj | jocular | W7 | |
| joculator | n.masc | joker, juggler | W7 | |
| joculor, joculari, joculatus | vb.dep | to joke, play | W7 | |
| joculus | n.masc.dim | little game/joke | W7 | |
| jocus | n.masc | game, joke | W7 | |
| Old French: | jeu | n.masc | game, play | W7 |
| jogleour | n.masc | juggler | W7 | |
| juel | n.masc | toy | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | juparti | n.masc | alternative, divided game | W7 |
| Middle French: | jogler | vb | to joke | W7 |
| French: | jeu | n | game | TLL |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | yācati | vb | to implore | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
