Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: i̯eu̯os- 'rule, right, justice, statute'
Semantic Field(s): General Law
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | abjuren | vb | to abjure | W7 |
| adjuren | vb | to adjure | W7 | |
| conjuren | vb | to conjure | W7 | |
| injurie | n | injury | W7 | |
| jure | n | jury | W7 | |
| just | adj | just | W7 | |
| English: | abjure | vb.trans | to deny/renounce upon oath | AHD/W7 |
| adjure | vb.trans | to charge/command solemnly under oath/penalty of curse | AHD/W7 | |
| conjure | vb | to charge/entreat earnestly/solemnly | AHD/W7 | |
| injury | n | wrong, act that damages/hurts | AHD/W7 | |
| jural | adj | juristic, re: law | AHD/W7 | |
| juridical | adj | re: office of judge/administration of justice | AHD/W7 | |
| jurisconsult | n | jurist | AHD/W7 | |
| jurisdiction | n | right/power/authority to apply/interpret law | AHD/W7 | |
| jurist | n | one having thorough knowledge of law | AHD/W7 | |
| jury | n | men sworn to give verdict on matter submitted to them | AHD/W7 | |
| just | adj | reasonable, conforming to/having basis in fact/reason | AHD/W7 | |
| justice | n | fairness, quality of being just | AHD | |
| justice | n | justice | CDC | |
| nonjuror | n | one who refuses oath-taking | AHD | |
| perjure | vb.trans | to commit perjury | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Jura | n | law | LRC |
| Jury | n.fem | jury, selection committee | LRC | |
| Justiz | n.fem | justice | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abjuro, abjurāre | vb | to deny on oath | W7 |
| adjuro, adjurāre | vb | to adjure | W7 | |
| conjuro, conjurare | vb | to swear together | W7 | |
| consulo, consulere, consului, consultus | vb | to consult | W7 | |
| iniuria, injuriae | n.fem | wrong, harsh treatment, damage, injustice | LRC | |
| injurus | adj | perjury | W7 | |
| iūdicō, iūdicāre, iūdicāvī, iūdicātum | vb | to decide | LRC | |
| ius, iuris | n.neut | law, right | LRC | |
| jurisconsultus | n.masc | lawyer | W7 | |
| juro, jurāre | vb | to swear | W7 | |
| justitia | n | justice | CDC | |
| justus | adj | just, right | W7 | |
| perjuro, perjurare | vb | to perjure | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | jurista | n.fem | jurist | W7 |
| Old French: | abjurer | vb | to abjure, abstain from | AHD |
| conjurer | vb | to conjure | W7 | |
| jurer | vb | to swear | W7 | |
| justice, jostice | n | justice | CDC | |
| Anglo-French: | juree | n.fem | jury17 | W7 |
| Middle French: | ajurer | vb | to adjure | W7 |
| juriste | n.masc | jurist, lawyer | W7 | |
| juste | adj | just, right | W7 | |
| perjurer | vb | to commit perjury | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | yoṣ | n | welfare | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |