Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. i̯u- 'you (plural)'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | ēow | pron.2.pl.dat/acc | you | W7 |
ēower | pron.2.pl.gen | your | TLL | |
gē | pron.2.pl | you | W7 | |
git | pron.2.du | you two | TLL | |
inc | pron.2.du.dat/acc | you two | TLL | |
incer | pron.2.du.gen | your two | TLL | |
incit | pron.2.du.acc | you two | TLL | |
Middle English: | ye | pron.2.pl | you | W7 |
you | pron.2.sg | you | W7 | |
English: | rendezvous | n | place appointed for meeting/assembling | AHD/W7 |
ye | pron.2 | you | AHD/W7 | |
you | pron.2 | (one(s) being addressed) | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | je | pron.2.sg/pl | you [atonic form] | TLL |
jij | pron.2.sg.nom | you | TLL | |
jou | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | you | TLL | |
jovw | pron.2.sg.gen | your | TLL | |
jullie | pron.2.pl | you | TLL | |
u | pron.2.pl | you | TLL | |
uw | pron.2.sg/pl.gen | your | TLL | |
Old High German: | ir | pron.2.pl | you | W7 |
iu | pron.2.pl.dat | you | W7 | |
German: | euch | pron.2.dat/acc | you | LRC |
euer | pron.2.pl.gen | your | LRC | |
ihr | pron.2.pl | you | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | yðar | pron.2.pl.gen | your | TLL |
yður | pron.2.pl.dat/acc | you | TLL | |
ykkar | pron.2.du.gen | your two | TLL | |
ykkur | pron.2.du.dat/acc | you two | TLL | |
Swedish: | Er | pron.2.pl.gen/dat/acc | your, you (courteous) | TLL |
Ni | pron.2.pl.nom | you (courteous) | TLL | |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | vos | pron.2.pl | you | LRC |
Middle French: | rendezvous | n.masc | appointment | W7 |
French: | vous | pron.2 | you | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | juaj | pron.2.pl.gen | your | LRC |
ju | pron.2.pl | you | IEW | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | yūyam | pron.2.nom.pl | you | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
2 | = | 2nd person |
acc | = | accusative (case) |
dat | = | dative (case) |
du | = | dual (number) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nom | = | nominative (case) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
pron | = | pronoun |
sg | = | singular (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |