Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kā- 'to like, wish, desire'
Semantic Field(s): to Will, Wish, to Desire
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hōre | n.fem | whore | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | charite | n | charity | W7 |
| cherisshen | vb | to cherish | W7 | |
| hordom | n | whoredom | W7 | |
| hore | n | whore | W7 | |
| English: | caress | n | endearment, act/expression of kindness/affection | AHD/W7 |
| charity | n | love | AHD/W7 | |
| cherish | vb.trans | to hold dear, feel/show affection for | AHD/W7 | |
| Kamasutra | prop.n | Sanskrit treatise re: love/pleasure | AHD | |
| whore | n | prostitute, woman who whores | AHD/W7 | |
| whore | vb | to engage in unlawful sexual intercourse | LRC | |
| whoredom | n | practice of whoring | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | huora | n | whore | ASD |
| German: | Hure | n.fem | whore | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hōra | n | whore | W7 |
| hōrdōmr | n | adultery | W7 | |
| hōrr | n | adulterer | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | hōra | n | whore | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | caritas | n.fem | dearness; Christian love | W7 |
| carus | adj | dear | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | caro | adj | dear | TLL |
| Spanish: | caritad | n | charity | TLL |
| caro | adj | dear | TLL | |
| Old French: | charité | n.fem | charity | W7 |
| cherir | vb | to cherish | W7 | |
| chier | adj.masc | dear | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cherir, cheriss- | vb | to cherish | W7 |
| French: | caresse | n.fem | caress | W7 |
| charité | n | charity | TLL | |
| cher | adj | dear | TLL | |
| Italian: | carezza | n.fem | caress | CID/W7 |
| caro | adj | dear | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kāma | n | love | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
