Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. kā̆i-, kī̆- 'heat'
Semantic Field(s): Hot, Warm
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hǣtan | vb.wk | to heat | ASD/RPN |
hǣte | n.fem | heat, inflammation | RPN | |
hǣto, hǣtu | n.fem | heat, inflammation | RPN | |
hās | adj | hoarse | IEW | |
hāt | adj | hot, fervid | LRC | |
Middle English: | heten | vb | to heat | W7 |
ho(r)s | adj | hoarse | W7 | |
hot | adj | hot | W7 | |
English: | heat | n | warmth, condition of being hot | W7 |
heat | vb | to make/become warm/hot | AHD/W7 | |
hoarse | adj | rough/harsh/grating in sound | IEW/W7 | |
hot | adj | having high temperature | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hēt | adj | hot | RPN |
hēte | n.fem | heat | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | hēt | adj | hot | RPN |
hēt | n.neut | heat | ASD | |
Old High German: | heiz | adj | hot | RPN |
heiz(i) | n.fem | heat | ASD | |
German: | heiss | adj | hot | ASD |
heizen | vb | to heat | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | hāss | adj | hoarse | IEW |
heita | vb | to heat | RPN | |
heitr | adj | hot, burning | RPN | |
hiti | n | heat, warmth | RPN | |
Icelandic: | heita | vb | to heat | ASD |
heitr | adj | hot | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | heitō | n.fem | fever | ASD/RPN |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti | vb | to heat up, get warm | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |