Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. kā̆i-, kī̆- 'heat'
Semantic Field(s): Hot, Warm
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hǣtan | vb.wk | to heat | ASD/RPN | 
| hǣte | n.fem | heat, inflammation | RPN | |
| hǣto, hǣtu | n.fem | heat, inflammation | RPN | |
| hās | adj | hoarse | IEW | |
| hāt | adj | hot, fervid | LRC | |
| Middle English: | heten | vb | to heat | W7 | 
| ho(r)s | adj | hoarse | W7 | |
| hot | adj | hot | W7 | |
| English: | heat | n | warmth, condition of being hot | W7 | 
| heat | vb | to make/become warm/hot | AHD/W7 | |
| hoarse | adj | rough/harsh/grating in sound | IEW/W7 | |
| hot | adj | having high temperature | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hēt | adj | hot | RPN | 
| hēte | n.fem | heat | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | hēt | adj | hot | RPN | 
| hēt | n.neut | heat | ASD | |
| Old High German: | heiz | adj | hot | RPN | 
| heiz(i) | n.fem | heat | ASD | |
| German: | heiss | adj | hot | ASD | 
| heizen | vb | to heat | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | hāss | adj | hoarse | IEW | 
| heita | vb | to heat | RPN | |
| heitr | adj | hot, burning | RPN | |
| hiti | n | heat, warmth | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | heita | vb | to heat | ASD | 
| heitr | adj | hot | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | heitō | n.fem | fever | ASD/RPN | 
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kaistù, kaitaũ, kaĩsti | vb | to heat up, get warm | RPN | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| vb | = | verb | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
