Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kai-lo-, kai-lu- 'bright; hale, whole, healthy'
Semantic Field(s): Bright, Well; Health
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hǣlan | vb.wk | to heal | ASD/W7 |
hāl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
hālettan, hālette, hāleted | vb.wk.I | to hail, salute | LRC | |
hālga | n | hallow | OED | |
hālgan | n.pl | hallows | OED | |
hālgian | vb.wk | to hallow | ASD/W7 | |
hālian | vb.wk | to heal, get well, become hale | ASD | |
hālig | adj | holy, hallowed | LRC | |
hāligdæg | n | holiday | W7 | |
hāligdōm | n | halidom | W7 | |
hālig-mōnaþ | n.masc | September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice) | ASD | |
Middle English: | Alhalwemesse | prop.n | Allhallowmas | AHD |
hail | interj | hail (greeting/salutation) | W7 | |
halidom | n | halidom | W7 | |
halowen | vb | to hallow | W7 | |
haly, holi, holy | adj | holy | W7 | |
helen | vb | to heal | W7 | |
holiday | n | holiday | W7 | |
holihoc | n | hollyhock | W7 | |
hool | adj | whole, healthy | W7 | |
English: | Allhallowmas | prop.n.arch | All Saints' Day | AHD |
hail | interj | [used to express] acclamation | AHD/W7 | |
hale | adj | sound, free from defect/disease/infirmity | AHD/W7 | |
Haleth | prop.n | Helm's oldest son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
halidom | n | something held sacred | AHD/W7 | |
Halifirien | prop.n | beacon hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Halimath | prop.n | Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hallow | n | saint, holy person | OED | |
hallow | vb.trans | to make holy/set apart for holy use | AHD/W7 | |
Halloween | prop.n | evening before All Saints' Day | AHD | |
Hallows | prop.n | tombs in Tolkien: Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hallows | n.pl | tombs, shrines, relics, holy places | OED | |
heal | vb | to make/become sound/whole | AHD/W7 | |
health | n | general bodily condition | AHD/W7 | |
holiday | n | lit. holy day | AHD/W7 | |
hollyhock | n | widely cultivated Chinese perennial herb | AHD/W7 | |
holy | adj | sacred, set apart to service of deity | AHD/W7 | |
wassail | n | (early English toast to) good health | AHD/W7 | |
whole | adj | unhurt, free of wound/injury | AHD/W7 | |
wholesome | adj | promoting health/well-being | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hēl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
hēla | vb | to heal | ASD | |
hēlich | adj | holy | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | hēl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
hēlag | adj | holy | ASD | |
hēlagōn | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
hēlean | vb | to heal | ASD | |
Heliand | prop.n.masc | Savior (Jesus) in epic poem Heliand | LRC | |
Old High German: | heil | adj | healthy, unhurt | W7 |
heilag | adj | holy | ASD | |
heilagōn | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
heilen, heilan | vb | to heal | ASD/W7 | |
heiligtuom | n | halidom | ASD | |
German: | heil | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
Heiland | n.masc | savior, redeemer | LRC | |
heilen | vb | to heal | ASD | |
heilig | adj | holy | ASD | |
heiligen | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
Heiligthum | n | halidom, sanctuary | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | heill | adj | sound, safe, healthy | LRC |
heill | n.fem/neut | good luck, good omen | LRC | |
Icelandic: | heilagr | adj | holy | ASD |
heill | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
helga | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
helgidōmr | n | sanctuary | ASD | |
Swedish: | hel | adj | whole | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hailjan | vb | to heal | ASD |
hails | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
Crimean Gothic: | iel | n.neut | life, health | CGo |
iel(tsch) | adj | well, alive, healthy | CGo |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
arch | = | archaic |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
interj | = | interjection |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |