Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kai-lo-, kai-lu- 'bright; hale, whole, healthy'
Semantic Field(s): Bright, Well; Health
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hǣlan | vb.wk | to heal | ASD/W7 |
| hāl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
| hālettan, hālette, hāleted | vb.wk.I | to hail, salute | LRC | |
| hālga | n | hallow | OED | |
| hālgan | n.pl | hallows | OED | |
| hālgian | vb.wk | to hallow | ASD/W7 | |
| hālian | vb.wk | to heal, get well, become hale | ASD | |
| hālig | adj | holy, hallowed | LRC | |
| hāligdæg | n | holiday | W7 | |
| hāligdōm | n | halidom | W7 | |
| hālig-mōnaþ | n.masc | September, lit. holy-month (of sacrifice) | ASD | |
| Middle English: | Alhalwemesse | prop.n | Allhallowmas | AHD |
| hail | interj | hail (greeting/salutation) | W7 | |
| halidom | n | halidom | W7 | |
| halowen | vb | to hallow | W7 | |
| haly, holi, holy | adj | holy | W7 | |
| helen | vb | to heal | W7 | |
| holiday | n | holiday | W7 | |
| holihoc | n | hollyhock | W7 | |
| hool | adj | whole, healthy | W7 | |
| English: | Allhallowmas | prop.n.arch | All Saints' Day | AHD |
| hail | interj | [used to express] acclamation | AHD/W7 | |
| hale | adj | sound, free from defect/disease/infirmity | AHD/W7 | |
| Haleth | prop.n | Helm's oldest son in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| halidom | n | something held sacred | AHD/W7 | |
| Halifirien | prop.n | beacon hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Halimath | prop.n | Shire calendar's September in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hallow | n | saint, holy person | OED | |
| hallow | vb.trans | to make holy/set apart for holy use | AHD/W7 | |
| Halloween | prop.n | evening before All Saints' Day | AHD | |
| Hallows | prop.n | tombs in Tolkien: Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hallows | n.pl | tombs, shrines, relics, holy places | OED | |
| heal | vb | to make/become sound/whole | AHD/W7 | |
| health | n | general bodily condition | AHD/W7 | |
| holiday | n | lit. holy day | AHD/W7 | |
| hollyhock | n | widely cultivated Chinese perennial herb | AHD/W7 | |
| holy | adj | sacred, set apart to service of deity | AHD/W7 | |
| wassail | n | (early English toast to) good health | AHD/W7 | |
| whole | adj | unhurt, free of wound/injury | AHD/W7 | |
| wholesome | adj | promoting health/well-being | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hēl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
| hēla | vb | to heal | ASD | |
| hēlich | adj | holy | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | hēl | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
| hēlag | adj | holy | ASD | |
| hēlagōn | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
| hēlean | vb | to heal | ASD | |
| Heliand | prop.n.masc | Savior (Jesus) in epic poem Heliand | LRC | |
| Old High German: | heil | adj | healthy, unhurt | W7 |
| heilag | adj | holy | ASD | |
| heilagōn | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
| heilen, heilan | vb | to heal | ASD/W7 | |
| heiligtuom | n | halidom | ASD | |
| German: | heil | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD |
| Heiland | n.masc | savior, redeemer | LRC | |
| heilen | vb | to heal | ASD | |
| heilig | adj | holy | ASD | |
| heiligen | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
| Heiligthum | n | halidom, sanctuary | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | heill | adj | sound, safe, healthy | LRC |
| heill | n.fem/neut | good luck, good omen | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | heilagr | adj | holy | ASD |
| heill | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
| helga | vb | to hallow | ASD | |
| helgidōmr | n | sanctuary | ASD | |
| Swedish: | hel | adj | whole | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hailjan | vb | to heal | ASD |
| hails | adj | hale, whole, healthy | ASD | |
| Crimean Gothic: | iel | n.neut | life, health | CGo |
| iel(tsch) | adj | well, alive, healthy | CGo | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |