Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kaito- 'chet, woods, forest'
Semantic Field(s): Woods, Forest
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Breton: | coet, coat | n | chet, copse, undergrowth | IEW |
| Old Cornish: | cuit | n | chet | IEW |
| Middle Cornish: | co(y)s | n | chet | IEW |
| Old Welsh: | coit | n | chet | IEW |
| Welsh: | coed | n | chet | IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hǣþ | n | heath | W7 |
| hǣðen | adj | heathen | W7 | |
| Middle English: | hather | n | heath | W7 |
| heth | n | heath | W7 | |
| hethen | adj | heathen | W7 | |
| English: | Archet | prop.n | Bree village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| chet | n | woods/forest (in place names) | LRC | |
| Chetwood | prop.n | Bree woods in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| heath | n | shrubby dicotyledonous evergreen plant(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| heathen | adj | re: pagan religion/customs | AHD/W7 | |
| heather | n | heath | W7 | |
| Heathertoes | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hoyden | n | girl/woman of saucy/boisterous/carefree behavior | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hēthen | adj | heathen | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | heiden | adj | heathen | W7 |
| Dutch: | heide | n | heath | TLL |
| heiden | n | heathen; country lout | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | hēðin | adj | heathen | ASD |
| Old High German: | heida | n | heather | W7 |
| heidan | adj | heathen | W7 | |
| German: | Heide | n.fem | heath | ASD |
| Heide | n.masc | heathen | ASD | |
| Heidekraut | n.neut | heath | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | heiðinn | adj | heathen | LRC |
| Icelandic: | heiðinn | adj | heathen | ASD |
| Danish: | hede | n | heath | TLL |
| Swedish: | hed | n | heath | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | haiþno | n.fem | heathen, gentile woman | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
