Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑ak-, k̑ek-? 'to help, enable'
Semantic Field(s): to Help, Aid
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | on-hagian | vb.wk.trans | to suit, be apt, accord with will/convenience | ASD/KEW |
| Middle English: | hacchen | vb | to hatch | W7 |
| English: | hatch | vb | to brood, reproduce by incubation | IEW/W7 |
| Shakti | prop.n | sacred feminine force/power/energy (Hinduism) | LRC | |
| Sikh | prop.n | adherent of Sikhism | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | hagan | vb | to tend, foster | KDW |
| German: | behagen | vb | to be suitable | LRC |
| hegen | vb | to tend, foster | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hagr | adj | able, adept | KNW |
| háttr | n.masc | kind, type; [pl.] habits, behavior, activity | LRC | |
| hœgr | adj | docile, affable; agile, skillful; suitable, expedient | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | Śakti | prop.n | Shakti, dynamic energy of god personified as female consort (Hinduism) | W7 |
| śaknó̄ti | vb | to be able, have power | LRC | |
| śakrá | adj | powerful | LRC | |
| śāci | n | might, powerful aid | LRC | |
| Hindi: | Sikh | prop.n | Sikh, disciple | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
