Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑ā̆k- 'branch'
Semantic Field(s): Branch
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cēcht | n | plow | GED |
Middle Irish: | gēc | n | branch | GED |
Welsh: | cainc | n | branch | GED |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | haai | n | shark | TLL |
Old High German: | huohili | n.dim | wooden hook-plow | GED |
*huoho | n | plow | GED | |
German: | Hai | n | shark | TLL |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | hár | n.masc | peg, thole pin; shark | GED/KNW |
hæll | n.masc | peg | GED | |
Danish: | haj | n | shark | TLL |
Swedish: | haj | n | shark | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *hoha | n.masc | plow | GED |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | sagnis | n | root | GED |
Lithuanian: | (at)šankė | n | barb | GED |
šakà | n | branch, twig | GED | |
šaknís | n | root | GED | |
Latvian: | sakas | n | pitchfork | GED |
sakne | n | root | GED | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | *sokъ | n | branch | GED |
sochá | n | pole, plow | GED | |
sǫčьcь | n.dim | dry wood | GED | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | thekë | n | fringe, tip | GED |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | c̣aχ | n | twig | GED |
Iranian | ||||
New Persian: | šāḫ | n | branch; antlers | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | śaṅkúṣ | n | peg | GED |
śā́khā | n.fem | branch | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
dim | = | diminutive |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |