Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑at- 'to fight, struggle; battle'
Semantic Field(s): to Fight, Battle (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cath | n | battle | RPN |
| Middle Irish: | cethern | n | band of soldiers | W7 |
| Welsh: | cad | n | war | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | heaðu-, heaðo- | pfx | war, battle | ASD/RPN |
| Middle English: | kerne | n | kern, boor | W7 |
| English: | kern | n | medieval Irish/Scotish light-armed foot soldier | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | hadu- | pfx | fight, battle | RPN |
| Middle High German: | hader | n | strife, quarrel | RPN |
| German: | Hader | n.masc | quarrel | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | höð- | pfx | war, slaughter | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | kotora | n | battle | RPN |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | kattu- | n | enmity, strife | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śátru-ḥ | n | foe, rival, enemy | RPN |
| Prakrit: | sattu- | n | foe, enemy | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
