Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kau-l-, ku-l- 'hole, hollow; bone'
Semantic Field(s): Hollow, Concave, Bone
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | cuaille | n | post | GED |
English | ||||
Old English: | cāl | n.masc | cole, wild cole-wort | ASD/W7 |
hol | adj/n.neut | hollow; hole, den, cavern | ASD/GED | |
hola | n.masc | hole | ASD | |
*hol-bȳtla | n.masc | hole-builder | LRC | |
holc, holg, holh | n.neut | hole, hollow, cavity | ASD | |
Middle English: | cole | n | cole | W7 |
holh | n | hole, den | W7 | |
holw | adj | hollow | W7 | |
English: | cauliflower | n | garden plant | AHD/W7 |
cole | n | rape, herbaceous plant | W7 | |
coleslaw | n | salad of raw cabbage | W7 | |
Crickhollow | prop.n | Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
gentlehobbit | n | noble/gentle hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hobbit | n | halfling in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Holbytla | prop.n | a.k.a. hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hole | n | opening into/through something | W7 | |
Holfast | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hollow | adj/n | sunken, concave; cavity | W7 | |
Holman | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
lockhole | n | hobbit lock-up in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hol | adj/n | hollow; hole, cavity | GED |
Old Dutch: | hol | n | hole, den, hollow, cavern | ASD |
Dutch: | bloemkool | n | cauliflower | TLL |
kool | n | cole, cabbage | TLL | |
koolsla | n | coleslaw, lit. cabbage salad | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | kôl | n | cole, cabbage | KSW |
Middle Low German: | hol | adj/n | hollow; hole, cavity | GED |
Old High German: | hol | adj/n | hollow; hole, cavity | GED |
holi | n | hole | ASD | |
kōl, kōlo, kōli | n.masc | cabbage | KDW | |
German: | Blumenkohl | n | cauliflower | TLL |
hohl | adj | hollow | ASD | |
Höhle | n | hole | ASD | |
Kohl | n | cabbage | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | holr | adj | hollow | GED |
Old Icelandic: | hylr | n.masc | depression, deep place | GED |
Icelandic: | hol | n | hole, den, hollow, cavern | ASD |
hola | n | hole | ASD | |
holr | adj | hollow | ASD | |
Danish: | blomkaal | n | cauliflower | TLL |
kaal | n | cole, cabbage | TLL | |
Swedish: | blomkål | n | cauliflower | TLL |
kål | n | cole, cabbage | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hulundi | n | cavern | ASD |
*us-hulon | vb.wk.II | to hollow out | GED/IEW | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | caulis, cōlis | n.masc | stem, stalk; penis | GED |
Italian: | cabolfiore | n.masc | cauliflower | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | kaulan | n.acc | bone | GED |
Lithuanian: | káulas | n.masc | bone | GED/IEW |
Latvian: | kaũls | n | bone; stem | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | καυλός | n.masc | stem, stalk; shaft | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | kulyā́ | n | brook, ditch | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
acc | = | accusative (case) |
adj | = | adjective |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |