Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑ēi-bh- 'fast, hasty, violent'
Semantic Field(s): Fast, Swift, Quick
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hæst, hǣst, hēst | n.fem | fury, violence | ASD |
hǣst | adj | violent, vehement, impetuous | ASD | |
hǣst-līce | adv | violently, vehemently | CDC | |
Middle English: | haste | n | haste | CDC |
English: | haste | n | speed, swiftness, celerity | CDC |
hasty | adj | fast, swift, with haste | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hæst, hast | adj | hasty, violent | CDC |
hæst | n | haste | CDC | |
North Frisian: | hæste, haste | n | haste | CDC |
Middle Dutch: | haest | n | haste | CDC |
Dutch: | haast | n | haste | CDC |
Middle Low German: | hast | n | haste | CDC |
Old High German: | haist, heist | adj | hasty, violent | CDC |
Middle High German: | he(y)st | adj | hasty, violent | CDC |
German: | Hast | n.fem | haste | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | hastarliga | adv | hastily | CDC |
hastarligr | adj | hasty | CDC | |
Icelandic: | hastr | n | haste | CDC |
höstugr | adj | harsh | CDC | |
Danish: | hast | n | haste | CDC |
Old Swedish: | hast | n | haste | CDC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | háifsts | n.str.fem | fight, strife | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | haste | n | haste | CDC |
French: | hâte | n | haste | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |