Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. kel-, kelə- 'to project, tower up; hill'
Semantic Field(s): Hill, Mountain
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | holm | n.masc | holm, hill, mount; sea, wave | ASD/W7 |
| hyll | n.masc/fem | hill | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle English: | columne | n | column | W7 |
| excellen | vb | to excel | W7 | |
| hill | n | hill | W7 | |
| holm | n | holm | W7 | |
| English: | colonel | n | commissioned officer ranking between lieutenant colonel/brigadier general | AHD/W7 |
| colonnade | n | columns at regular intervals, usu. supporting roof | AHD/W7 | |
| colonnette | n | small (usu. decorative) column | AHD | |
| colophon | n | inscription at end of book/manuscript | AHD/W7 | |
| column | n | supporting pillar | AHD/W7 | |
| coronel | n | colonel | AHD/W7 | |
| culminate | vb | to reach highest altitude | AHD/W7 | |
| excel | vb | to outdo, surpass | AHD/W7 | |
| Hill | prop.n | Bombadil's home in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hill | n | natural land elevation (lower than mountain) | AHD/W7 | |
| holm | n | small inland/inshore island | AHD/W7 | |
| Overhill | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Underhill | prop.n | Hobbiton family in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Frisian: | hel | n | hill | RPN |
| Middle Dutch: | hul, hil(le) | n | hill | RPN |
| Low German: | hul | n | hill | RPN |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hōlmr | n | holm | W7 |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Crimean Gothic: | *al, ael | n | rock, stone | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | -cellere | afx | to rise, project | W7 |
| collis | n.masc | hill | RPN | |
| colophon | n.masc | summit, finishing touch | W7 | |
| columen | n.neut | top | W7 | |
| columna | n.fem | column, pillar | W7 | |
| culmen, culminis | n.neut | top | W7 | |
| culmino, culminare, culminavi, culminatus | vb | to crown | W7 | |
| excello, excellere | vb | to excel, rise out | W7 | |
| Middle French: | colomne | n.fem | column | W7 |
| coronel | n.masc | leader of column of soldiers | W7 | |
| French: | colonnade | n.fem | colonnade | W7 |
| Old Italian: | colonna | n.fem | column, pillar | W7 |
| colonnello | n.masc | colonel, column of soldiers | W7 | |
| Italian: | colonnato | n.masc | colonnade | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kálnas | n | hill, mound | RPN |
| keliù, kélti | vb | to lift, raise | RPN | |
| kìlti, kỹla, kìlo | vb | to arise | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kolophōn | n.masc | summit, finishing touch | W7 |
| κολωνός | n.masc | heap | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
