Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. k̑el- 'to hide, conceal'
Semantic Field(s): to Hide, Conceal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | celim | vb | to hide, conceal | GED |
| cuile | n | cellar | GED | |
| cul | n | protection | GED | |
| fuil | n.fem | blood | IED/W7 | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | be-hyllan | vb.wk | to veil, cover | GED |
| cell | n | religious house | W7 | |
| heall | n.fem | hall | ASD/W7 | |
| helan | vb.str | to hide, conceal | GED | |
| helm | n.str.masc | helmet | ASD | |
| helustr | n.masc | hiding place | GED | |
| heolh | n | corner of land | W7 | |
| heolstor | n.masc | holster, cover, concealment | LRC | |
| hulu | n.fem | hull, husk | ASD | |
| medu-heall | n.fem | mead-hall | LRC | |
| Middle English: | Apocalipse | n | Apocalypse | AHD |
| celer | n | cellar | W7 | |
| celerer | n | cellarer | W7 | |
| cell | n | cell | W7 | |
| colour | n | color | W7 | |
| concelen | vb | to conceal | W7 | |
| halle | n | hall | W7 | |
| hell | n | hell | W7 | |
| hole, hull | n | husk, hull | AHD/W7 | |
| silen | vb | to seel | W7 | |
| English: | Apocalypse | prop.n | N.T. book of Revelation | W7 |
| apocalypse | n | revelation re: cosmic cataclysm | AHD | |
| Calypso | prop.n | goddess who detained Odysseus 7 years in Homer: Odyssey | LRC | |
| calyptra | n | archegonium of liverwort/moss | AHD/W7 | |
| cell | n | small religious house depending on convent/monastery | AHD/W7 | |
| cella | n | inner room/sanctuary of church/temple | AHD | |
| cellar | n | basement | AHD/W7 | |
| cellarer | n | (monastery) official in charge of provisions | AHD/W7 | |
| cilium | n | eyelash | AHD/W7 | |
| clandestine | adj | surreptitious, held in/conducted with secrecy | AHD/W7 | |
| coleopteran | adj | re: insect of order Coleoptera | AHD | |
| coleus | n | herb in mint family | AHD/W7 | |
| color | n | phenomenon of light/visual perception | AHD/W7 | |
| conceal | vb.trans | to hide, prevent disclosure/recognition of | AHD/W7 | |
| Dernhelm | prop.n | Eowyn's nom de guerre in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Elfhelm | prop.n | Rohan marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| eucalyptus | n | Australian evergreen tree in myrtle family | AHD/W7 | |
| Halfast | prop.n | hobbit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hall | n | house/castle (of king/noble) | AHD/W7 | |
| haugh | n | low-lying meadow beside river | AHD/W7 | |
| hell | n | hades, nether world where dead exist | AHD/W7 | |
| Helm | prop.n | 9th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| helmet | n | covering/enclosing armor headpiece | AHD/W7 | |
| Helmingas | prop.n | Westfold men in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hold | n | cargo deck, lower interior part of ship | AHD/W7 | |
| holster | n | (leather) case for pistol | AHD/W7 | |
| housing | n | ornamental saddle cover | AHD/W7 | |
| hull | n | outer covering of fruit/seed | AHD/W7 | |
| occult | adj | secret, not revealed | AHD/W7 | |
| occult | vb | to shade, conceal, hide from sight | AHD/W7 | |
| rathskeller | n | restaurant patterned after German Ratskeller | AHD/W7 | |
| saltcellar | n | small dish for holding/dispensing salt | AHD | |
| seel | vb.trans | to close eyes (of hawk) via thread through eyelids | AHD/W7 | |
| supercilious | adj | haughtily contemptuous | AHD/W7 | |
| Valhalla | prop.n | Odin's home for war hero souls, lit. Hero Hall (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
| Wellinghall | prop.n | Ent dwelling behind waterfall in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Woodhall | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| British English: | colour | n | color | LRC |
| Scots English: | holch | n | haugh | W7 |
| hule | n | hull, husk | ASD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hela | vb.str | to hide, conceal | GED |
| hella | vb.wk | to veil, cover | GED | |
| helm | n.str.masc | helmet | GED | |
| Dutch: | holster | n | holster | GED |
| kelder | n | cellar | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | bi-hullean | vb.wk | to veil, cover | GED |
| halla | n | hall | ASD | |
| helan | vb.str | to hide, conceal | GED | |
| helm | n.str.masc | helmet | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | hulse | n.fem | hull | GED |
| Low German: | holstr | n.fem | case, holster | GED |
| Old High German: | hala | n | hull | W7 |
| halla | n | hall | ASD | |
| helan | vb.str | to hide, conceal | GED | |
| helm | n.str.masc | helmet | GED | |
| hulla | n.fem | hull, veil, cover | GED | |
| hullan | vb.wk | to veil, cover | GED | |
| hulsa | n.fem | hull | GED | |
| Middle High German: | hǣli | n.str.fem | concealment | GED |
| hulfter | n | quiver | GED | |
| hulst | n.fem | case, holster | GED | |
| German: | Halle | n | hall | ASD |
| hehlen | vb | to hide, conceal | ASD | |
| Helm | n | helmet | ASD | |
| Holster | n.neut | holster, quiver | LRC | |
| Hülle | n.fem | sleeve, cover, casing, wrapping | LRC | |
| Hülse | n | hull, husk | ASD | |
| Keller | n.masc | cellar | W7 | |
| Ratskeller | n.masc | rathskeller, city-hall basement restaurant | W7 | |
| Walhalla, Valhalla | prop.n | Valhalla | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hjálmr | n.masc | helmet | LRC |
| hǫll | n.fem | hall | LRC | |
| Valhöll, Valhalla | prop.n | Valhalla | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | hjalmr | n.masc | helmet | GED |
| hulda | n.fem | hull, veil, cover | GED | |
| hylja | vb.wk | to veil, cover | GED | |
| hæli | n | hiding place | GED | |
| Icelandic: | hjālm | n.fem | helm, rudder | ASD |
| hjālmr | n | helmet | ASD | |
| holstr | n.masc | sheath, case | ASD | |
| höll | n | hall | ASD | |
| Danish: | kælder | n | cellar | TLL |
| Swedish: | källare | n | cellar | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *and-huleins | n.fem | revelation | GED |
| and-huljan | vb.wk | to reveal | GED | |
| *hilms | n.masc | helmet | GED | |
| hulistr | n.neut | veil | GED | |
| huljan | vb.wk.I | to veil, cover | GED | |
| hulundi | n.fem | cave | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cella | n.fem | small room | W7 |
| cellarium | n.neut | storeroom | W7 | |
| cēlo, cēlare | vb | to hide, conceal, keep secret | W7 | |
| -cilium | sfx | to hide | W7 | |
| cilium | n.neut | eyelid | W7 | |
| clam | adv | secretly | GED | |
| clandestinus | adj | in secret | W7 | |
| color, colōris | n.masc | hue, tint, color | ELD | |
| concelo, concelare | vb | to hide, conceal | W7 | |
| occulo, occulere, occului, occultus | vb | to conceal, cover up | W7 | |
| occulto, occultāre | vb | to occult | W7 | |
| superciliosus | adj | supercilious | W7 | |
| supercilium | n.neut | eyebrow | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | Apocalypsis | prop.n | Apocalypse | AHD |
| cellariarius | n.masc | cellarer | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | cilio, ciliare | vb | to seel, close one's eyelids | W7 |
| New Latin: | calyptra | n.fem | archegonium of moss/liverwort | W7 |
| coleus | n.masc | sheath | W7 | |
| eucalyptus | n.masc | eucalyptus | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | côr | n | color | TLL |
| Spanish: | color | n | color | TLL |
| Old French: | celerer | n.masc | monastery official in charge of provisions | W7 |
| celle | n.fem | hermit's cell | W7 | |
| colour | n.fem | color | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | celer | n.masc | storeroom | W7 |
| Middle French: | clandestin | adj.fem | clandestine | W7 |
| conceler | vb | to conceal | W7 | |
| siller | vb | to blink | W7 | |
| French: | couleur | n | color | TLL |
| Italian: | colore | n | color | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | kelmis | n | hat | GED |
| Lithuanian: | šálmas | n | helmet | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | καλύπτρη | n.fem | veil | LRC |
| καλύπτω | vb | to veil, hide, cover, conceal | LRC | |
| Καλυψώ | prop.n.fem | Calypso, lit. concealer | LRC | |
| κο(υ)λεόν | n.neut | sheath, scabbard | LRC | |
| Greek: | apokaluptein | vb | to reveal, uncover | AHD |
| apokalupsis | n | apocalypse, revelation | AHD | |
| kalyptos | adj | covered | W7 | |
| καλύπτω | vb | to hide, conceal | GED | |
| κέλῡφος | n | covering | GED | |
| koleos | n.masc | sheath, scabbard | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śaraṇás | vb.ptc | protecting | GED |
| śárma | n | shelter, protection | GED | |
| śālā | n | room, building | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
