Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. kem- 'to squeeze, hem in, press together'
Semantic Field(s): to Press, to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hem | n.masc | hem, seam, border | ASD/IEW |
| Middle English: | hamperen | vb | to hamper | IEW |
| hem | n | hem | W7 | |
| English: | hamper | vb | to hinder, impede, restrict movement | IEW/W7 |
| hem | n | border of cloth doubled back/stitched down | AHD/W7 | |
| hem | vb | to confine, surround | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hemma | vb | to hem, hinder | IEW |
| Middle High German: | hemmen | vb | to hem, enclose | W7 |
| German: | hemmen | vb | to hem, impede | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hefna, hefnad | vb | to avenge | LRC |
| hemja | vb | to hem, curb, restrain | IEW | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | kamel | vb | to hem, press, squeeze | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
