Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. ker(ə)- 'to burn'
Semantic Field(s): to Burn, Scorch
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | heorþ | n.masc | hearth | ASD/W7 |
| heorð-genēat | n.masc | lit. hearth-companion | LRC | |
| Middle English: | carbuncle | n | carbuncle | W7 |
| herth | n | hearth | W7 | |
| English: | carbon | n | nonmetallic tetravalent element, the basis of life | AHD/W7 |
| carbuncle | n | red precious stone | AHD/W7 | |
| ceramic | adj | re: product (e.g. earthenware) made from nonmetallic mineral by high-temperature firing | AHD/W7 | |
| crash | n | coarse fabric used for towels/clothing/draperies | AHD/W7 | |
| cremate | vb.trans | to reduce a body to ashes by fire | AHD/W7 | |
| hearth | n | brick/stone/cement area fronting fireplace | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | herth, hirth, herd | n | hearth | ASD |
| Dutch: | haard | n | hearth | TLL |
| Old High German: | herd | n | hearth | W7 |
| German: | Herd | n.masc | hearth | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | carbo, carbonis | n.masc | ember, charcoal | W7 |
| carbunculus | n.masc | small coal, carbuncle | W7 | |
| cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus | vb | to cremate, burn up | LRC | |
| Middle French: | carbuncle | n.fem | carbuncle | W7 |
| French: | carbone | n.masc | charcoal | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | krashenina | n | colored linen | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | keramikos | adj | of potters | W7 |
| keramos | n.masc | pottery, potter's clay | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kūdayāti | vb | to singe | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
