Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. k̑ēu- : k̑əu-, k̑ū- 'to burn, light (a fire)'
Semantic Field(s): to Burn, Scorch, to Light, Kindle
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | calme | n | calm | W7 |
| enke | n | ink | W7 | |
| holocaust | n | holocaust | W7 | |
| English: | calm | n | absence of storm/high wind/rough water | AHD/W7 |
| caustic | adj | corrosive, able to destroy/eat away via chemical action | AHD/W7 | |
| cauterize | vb | to sear with hot iron | W7 | |
| cautery | n | cauterization | AHD/W7 | |
| encaustic | adj | re: paint mixed with beeswax | AHD/W7 | |
| encaustic | n | paint mixed with beeswax | AHD/W7 | |
| holocaust | n | sacrifice consumed by fire | AHD/W7 | |
| hypocaust | n | Roman central heating system | AHD/W7 | |
| ink | n | fluid colored writing/printing material | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | cauterise | vb | to cauterize | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cauma | n.fem | heat | W7 |
| causticus | adj | burning, caustic | W7 | |
| cauterium | n.neut | cautery | W7 | |
| encausticus | adj | (painted with) encaustic | W7 | |
| encaustus | vb.ptc | burnt within | W7 | |
| hypocaustum | n.neut | hypocaust | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | encaustum | n.neut | encaustic | W7 |
| holocaustum | n.neut | thorough burn, sacrifice/destruction by fire | W7 | |
| Old French: | enke | n.fem | ink | W7 |
| holocauste | n.masc | holocaust | W7 | |
| Middle French: | calme | adj | calm, tranquil | W7 |
| Old Italian: | calma | n.masc | calm | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kulé | n.fem | smut of plants | LD/W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | enkaiein | vb | to burn in | W7 |
| enkaustikos | adj | (painted with) encaustic | W7 | |
| enkaustos | adj | burning within | W7 | |
| καίω | vb | to burn | LRC | |
| kauma | n.neut | burn, burning | W7 | |
| καυματίζω | vb | to burn up | LRC | |
| kaustikos | adj | caustic, burning | W7 | |
| kaustos | vb.ptc | burnt | W7 | |
| kautērion | n.neut | branding iron | W7 | |
| holokauston | n.neut | burning of all | W7 | |
| holokaustos | adj | burnt whole | W7 | |
| hypokaiein | vb | to light fire under | W7 | |
| hypokauston | adj.neut | burning under | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |