Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: klā- 'to lade, place, heap up, lay down'
Semantic Field(s): to Put, Place, Set, Lay
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hladan | vb.str | to lade | ASD/W7 |
hlæst | n.neut | last, load, burden | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | laden | vb | to lade | W7 |
last | n | last | W7 | |
English: | ballast | n | heavy mass used to improve stability | AHD/W7 |
lade | vb | to load, put load/burden in/on | AHD/W7 | |
last | n | unit of weight/quantity/capacity | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hlada | vb | to lade | ASD |
hlest | n | burden, load | ASD | |
Dutch: | lade | n | drawer | TLL |
Old Saxon: | hladan | vb | to lade | ASD |
Low German: | ballast | n | ballast | W7 |
Old High German: | hladan | vb | to lade, load | W7 |
hlast | n | load | W7 | |
German: | Ballast | n.masc | ballast | LRC |
Lade | n | ark, chest | LRC | |
laden | vb | to lade | ASD | |
Last | n | load, burden | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hlaða | n | barn | KNW |
hlaða | vb | to load, pile | LRC | |
Icelandic: | hlaða | vb | to lade, build, pile up | ASD |
hlass | n | cart-load | ASD | |
Danish: | barlast | n | ballast | W7 |
lade | n | barn | TLL | |
last | n | load, cargo | LRC | |
Swedish: | barlast | n | ballast | W7 |
lada | n | barn | TLL | |
last | n | load, cargo | SAO | |
låda | n | drawer | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hlaþan | vb | to load | ASD |
Slavic | ||||
Old Slavic: | klasti | vb | to lade | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |