Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑o-, k̑e-, with the particle k̑e, k̑(e)i-, k̑(i)i̯o- 'this; here'
Semantic Field(s): Near (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cé | dem.pron | this | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | behindan | adv/prep | behind | ASD/W7 |
| hē, hēo, hīe, hit, hyt | pron.3.sg.nom | he, she, it | LRC | |
| hēo, hī(e), hȳ | pron.3.pl.nom/acc | they, them | LRC | |
| heonan, heonon, heonun, hionan | adv | hence | ASD/W7 | |
| hēr | adv | here | LRC | |
| hider | adv | here, hither | LRC | |
| hi(e)ra, heora | pron.3.pl.gen | their(s) | LRC | |
| him, hire, him | pron.3.sg.dat | (to) him, her, it | LRC | |
| him, heom | pron.3.pl.dat | (to) them | LRC | |
| hindan | adv | from behind | W7 | |
| hinder | adv | behind | W7 | |
| hindrian | vb.wk | to hinder | ASD/W7 | |
| hine, hēo, hīe, hit, hyt | pron.3.sg.acc | him, her, it | LRC | |
| his, hire, his | pron.3.sg.gen | his, her(s), its | LRC | |
| Middle English: | behinde, behynd | adv/prep | behind | MEV/W7 |
| he, hye, it | pron.3.sg.nom | he, she, it | W7 | |
| henne(s) | adv | hence | W7 | |
| here | adv | here | W7 | |
| hider | adv | hither | W7 | |
| him, hire, him | pron.3.sg.dat | (to) him, her, it | OED | |
| him, hire, heer, hit | pron.3.sg.acc | him, her, it | OED | |
| hind | adj | hind | W7 | |
| hindren | vb | to hinder | W7 | |
| his, hire, his | pron.3.sg.gen | his, her(s), its | OED | |
| hither | adv | yonder | W7 | |
| English: | behind | adv/prep | in place/time/situation departed from | AHD/W7 |
| cis- | dem.pfx | on this side | AHD/W7 | |
| he | pron.3.sg.masc | that male | AHD/W7 | |
| hence | adv | away, from this place | AHD/W7 | |
| her | adj | re: female as possessor, agent/object of action | AHD/W7 | |
| here | adv | at/in this place | AHD/W7 | |
| him | pron.3.sg.masc.obj | that male | AHD | |
| hind | adj | rear, re: part that follows/is behind | AHD/W7 | |
| hinder | vb | to hamper, make progress slow/difficult | AHD/W7 | |
| hindrance | n | act/instance/condition of hindering | AHD | |
| his | adj/pron.3.sg.masc.poss | re: male as possessor, agent/object of action | AHD/W7 | |
| hither | adv | to this place | AHD/W7 | |
| it | pron.3.sg.neut | that one | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hīr | adv | here | ASD |
| Dutch: | haar | pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc | (to) her | TLL |
| haar | pron.3.sg.fem.gen | her | TLL | |
| heden | adv | today | TLL | |
| hem | pron.3.sg.masc.acc | him | TLL | |
| hen | pron.3.pl.acc | them | TLL | |
| het | pron.3.sg.neut | it | TLL | |
| hij | pron.3.sg.masc | he, it | TLL | |
| hun | pron.3.pl.dat | (to) them | TLL | |
| hun | pron.3.pl.gen | their | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | bihindan | adv | from behind | ASD |
| hēr, hier | adv | here | ASD | |
| hinan | adv | hence | ASD | |
| Old High German: | hē | pron.3.masc | he | W7 |
| hier, hiar | adv | here | ASD/W7 | |
| hin(n)an | adv | away | ASD/W7 | |
| hintana | adv | from behind | ASD | |
| hintar, hindar | prep | behind | ASD/W7 | |
| hintarian | vb | to hinder | ASD | |
| German: | hennen | adv | hence | ASD |
| herum | adv | around | TLL | |
| heute | adv | today | TLL | |
| hier | adv | here | ASD | |
| hindern | vb | to hinder | ASD | |
| hinten | adv | from behind | ASD | |
| hinter | adv | behind | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hann | dem.pron | this one, he | RPN |
| Icelandic: | hana | pron.3.sg.fem.acc | her, it | TLL |
| hann | pron.3.sg.masc.nom/acc | he, him, it | TLL | |
| hans | pron.3.sg.masc.gen | his, its | TLL | |
| hennar | pron.3.sg.fem.gen | her(s), its | TLL | |
| henni | pron.3.sg.fem.dat | (to) her, it | TLL | |
| hēðra | adv | hither | ASD | |
| hēr | adv | here | ASD | |
| hindra | vb | to hinder | ASD | |
| honum | pron.3.sg.masc.dat | (to) him, it | TLL | |
| hun | pron.3.sg.fem.nom | she, it | TLL | |
| Danish: | ham | pron.3.sg.masc.dat/acc | (to) him | TLL |
| han | pron.3.sg.masc.nom | he, it | TLL | |
| hans | pron.3.sg.masc.gen | his | TLL | |
| hende | pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc | (to) her | TLL | |
| hendes | pron.3.sg.fem.gen | her | TLL | |
| hun | pron.3.sg.fem.nom | she, it | TLL | |
| Swedish: | han | pron.3.sg.masc.nom | he, it | TLL |
| hans | pron.3.sg.masc.gen | his | TLL | |
| henne | pron.3.sg.fem.dat/acc | (to) her | TLL | |
| hennes | pron.3.sg.fem.gen | her | TLL | |
| hon | pron.3.sg.fem.nom | she, it | TLL | |
| honom | pron.3.sg.masc.dat/acc | (to) him | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hēr | adv | here | LRC |
| hi- | pron.stem | this | RPN | |
| hidre | adv | hither, to here | GED/W7 | |
| hindana | adv | beyond | ASD | |
| hindar | adv | behind | ASD | |
| hiri | interj | come here! | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | cis, ci-, ce-, -ce | dem.pron/prep/pfx/sfx | this; here; on this side | W7 |
| citra | adv/prep | on this side (of), without | LRC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | šìs, šì | dem.pron | this | LRC |
| šìtas, šità | pron | this | LRC | |
| štaĩ | pcl | here | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sь | dem.adj/pron | this | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ekeinos | dem.pron | that person | W7 |
| *κε- | dem.pron.stem | that | RPN | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ka-a-aš | dem.pron | this, that | RPN |
| ki-i | dem.pron.nom/acc.neut | this, that | RPN | |
| Palaic: | ka- | dem.pron | this (one) | RPN |
| ki-i-at | adv | here | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| obj | = | objective (case) |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| stem | = | stem |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
