Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑oləmo-s, k̑oləmā 'reed, stalk, stem, culm'
Semantic Field(s): Grass
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | healm | n.neut | haulm | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | halm | n | haulm | W7 |
| schalme | n | shawm | W7 | |
| English: | calamari | n | squid as food | AHD |
| calamite | n | Paleozoic fossil plant resembling horsetail | AHD/W7 | |
| calamus | n | (root/stem of) sweet flag | AHD/W7 | |
| calumet | n | ornamented ceremonial Amerindian pipe | AHD/W7 | |
| caramel | n | amorphous brittle brown residue from heated sugar | AHD/W7 | |
| culm | n | grass stem | AHD/W7 | |
| haulm | n | stems/tops of cultivated plants (e.g. peas, beans, potatoes) | AHD/W7 | |
| shawm | n | double-reed woodwind instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | halm | n | haulm | W7 |
| German: | Halm | n | haulm | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | hālmr | n.masc | straw, haulm | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | calamus | n.masc | reed, cane; straw, stalk; calamus | ELD/W7 |
| culmus | n.masc | culm, stalk | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | calamellus | n.masc.dim | small reed | W7 |
| New Latin: | Calamites | n.masc.pl | (genus of) fossil plants | W7 |
| Portuguese: | caramelo | n.masc | caramel; icicle | W7 |
| Spanish: | caramelo | n.masc | caramel | W7 |
| Middle French: | chalemie | n.fem | reed, shawm | W7 |
| French: | caramel | n.masc | caramel | W7 |
| American French: | calumet | n.masc | calumet | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κάλᾰμος | n.masc | reed, cane; straw, stalk; calamus | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
