Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kom 'at, by, cum, with, alongside'
Semantic Field(s): Side
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | com- | adv/pfx | together, completely | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gecleopian, geclypian | vb.wk | to call, invoke | AHD/ASD |
| Middle English: | co(m)- | pfx | co(m)- | W7 |
| contra- | pfx | contra- | W7 | |
| contrarie | adj | contrary | W7 | |
| contre- | pfx | counter- | W7 | |
| contree | n | country | W7 | |
| countren | vb | to counter | W7 | |
| encountren | vb | to encounter | W7 | |
| epicene | adj | epicene | W7 | |
| icleped | vb.past.ptc | yclept | AHD | |
| English: | cata-, kata- | pfx | down | TLL |
| catamenia | n.pl | menses | AHD/W7 | |
| catapult | n | ancient military device for hurling missiles | AHD/W7 | |
| co(m)-, con- | pfx | with, jointly, together | AHD/W7 | |
| conquian | n | Mexican card game: cooncan | AHD | |
| contra- | pfx | against, contrary, contrasting | AHD/W7 | |
| contrary | adj | diametrically opposite | AHD/W7 | |
| contrary | n | opposite, incompatible fact/condition | W7 | |
| cooncan | n | early version of rummy | AHD | |
| counter- | pfx | contrary, different | AHD/W7 | |
| counter | vb | to oppose, act in opposition | AHD/W7 | |
| country | n | region, indefinite expanse of land | AHD/W7 | |
| cum | prep | (along/combined/together) with | AHD/W7 | |
| encounter | vb.trans | to meet as enemy/adversary | AHD/W7 | |
| epicene | adj | sexless, bisexual, effeminate; hermaphrodite | AHD/W7 | |
| katabatic | adj | re: cold downward airflow | AHD | |
| Koine | prop.n | Attic dialect common to Hellenistic world | AHD | |
| yclept | vb.past.ptc | named, called | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Katapult | n.neut | catapult | LRC |
| kontra- | pfx | contra- | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | kúm | prep | cum: with | RPN |
| Latin: | catapulta | n.fem | catapult | W7 |
| co(m)- | adv/pfx | with, together | RPN | |
| contra | adv/prep/pfx | against, opposite, facing | W7 | |
| contrarius | adj | contrary | W7 | |
| cum | conj/prep | when; cum: with | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | incontra | adv | toward | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | contrata | n.neut.pl | contrary, things against | W7 |
| incontrō, incontrāre | vb | to meet, encounter | W7 | |
| New Latin: | catamenia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 |
| Portuguese: | com | prep | cum: with | TLL |
| contra | prep | against, in opposition to | TLL | |
| Spanish: | con | prep | cum: with | TLL |
| contra | prep | against, in opposition to | TLL | |
| American Spanish: | conquián | n | conquian | AHD |
| Old French: | com- | pfx | com- | W7 |
| contrée | n.fem | country | W7 | |
| encontrer | vb | to meet, encounter | W7 | |
| Middle French: | catapulte | n.fem | catapult | W7 |
| contraire | adj | contrary | W7 | |
| contre | prep/pfx | against | W7 | |
| French: | contre | prep | against, in opposition to | TLL |
| Italian: | con | prep | cum: with | TLL |
| contro | prep | against, in opposition to | TLL | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | epikoinos | adj | common, promiscuous | W7 |
| κάτα, κατά | prep/adv/pfx | by, down, under; downwards, completely, according to | IEW | |
| katamēnia | n.fem | catamenia | W7 | |
| katamēnios | adj | monthly, lit. by month | W7 | |
| katapaltēs | n.masc | catapult | W7 | |
| κάτω | adv | down, downward | LRC | |
| κοινᾖ | adv | publicly, in common, in concert | LS | |
| κοινός | adj | shared, common | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
