Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: koro-s, kori̯o-s 'war, army, warrior'
Semantic Field(s): War, Army, Soldier
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | here | n.masc | host, army, (enemy) band | LRC |
here-wulf | n.masc | warrior, lit. war-wolf | ASD | |
hergian | vb.wk | to harry | ASD/W7 | |
stæl-here | n.masc | marauding army | LRC | |
Middle English: | arang | n | harangue | W7 |
harien | vb | to harry | W7 | |
herald | n | herald | W7 | |
herberge | n | harbor | W7 | |
herbergere | n | harbinger | W7 | |
horyen | vb | to hurry | W7 | |
English: | arriere-ban | n | king's proclamation calling vassals to arms | AHD/W7 |
Dúnhere | prop.n | lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
harangue | n | speech addressed to public assembly | AHD/W7 | |
harbinger | n | person sent ahead to arrange lodging | AHD/W7 | |
harbor | n | refuge, place of security/comfort | AHD/W7 | |
harry | vb.trans | to make pillaging/destructive raid | AHD/W7 | |
herald | n | official making announcements at tournament of arms | AHD/W7 | |
Herefara | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Herubrand | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Herugrim | prop.n | Theoden's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hurry | vb | to carry/cause to go with haste | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | here, hiri | n | host, army | ASD |
Dutch: | herberg | n | inn | TLL |
Old Saxon: | heri | n | host, army | ASD |
Old High German: | heri, hari | n | host, army | ASD/W7 |
heriberga | n | hostelry, army encampment | W7 | |
heriōn, harion | vb | to harry, lay waste | ASD/W7 | |
German: | Heer | n | host, army | ASD |
Herberge | n.fem | hostel, harborage | LRC | |
verheeren | vb | to harry | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | herr | n.masc | harrier, destroyer | LRC |
Icelandic: | herja | vb | to harry | ASD |
herjask | vb | to wage war on one another | ASD | |
herr | n | host, army | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | harjis | n.str.masc | host, army | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | ariere-ban | n | arriere-ban | AHD |
herban | n | military service ban (summons) | AHD | |
herbergere | n.fem | host, harbinger | W7 | |
Middle French: | arenge | n.fem | harangue | W7 |
hiraut | n.masc | herald | W7 | |
French: | arrière-ban | n | arriere-ban | W7 |
havre | n | haven, harbor | TLL | |
Old Italian: | aringa | n.fem | harangue | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kãras | n.masc | war | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | koiranos | n.masc | commander | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |