Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: koro-s, kori̯o-s 'war, army, warrior'
Semantic Field(s): War, Army, Soldier
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | here | n.masc | host, army, (enemy) band | LRC |
| here-wulf | n.masc | warrior, lit. war-wolf | ASD | |
| hergian | vb.wk | to harry | ASD/W7 | |
| stæl-here | n.masc | marauding army | LRC | |
| Middle English: | arang | n | harangue | W7 |
| harien | vb | to harry | W7 | |
| herald | n | herald | W7 | |
| herberge | n | harbor | W7 | |
| herbergere | n | harbinger | W7 | |
| horyen | vb | to hurry | W7 | |
| English: | arriere-ban | n | king's proclamation calling vassals to arms | AHD/W7 |
| Dúnhere | prop.n | lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| harangue | n | speech addressed to public assembly | AHD/W7 | |
| harbinger | n | person sent ahead to arrange lodging | AHD/W7 | |
| harbor | n | refuge, place of security/comfort | AHD/W7 | |
| harry | vb.trans | to make pillaging/destructive raid | AHD/W7 | |
| herald | n | official making announcements at tournament of arms | AHD/W7 | |
| Herefara | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Herubrand | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Herugrim | prop.n | Theoden's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hurry | vb | to carry/cause to go with haste | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | here, hiri | n | host, army | ASD |
| Dutch: | herberg | n | inn | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | heri | n | host, army | ASD |
| Old High German: | heri, hari | n | host, army | ASD/W7 |
| heriberga | n | hostelry, army encampment | W7 | |
| heriōn, harion | vb | to harry, lay waste | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Heer | n | host, army | ASD |
| Herberge | n.fem | hostel, harborage | LRC | |
| verheeren | vb | to harry | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | herr | n.masc | harrier, destroyer | LRC |
| Icelandic: | herja | vb | to harry | ASD |
| herjask | vb | to wage war on one another | ASD | |
| herr | n | host, army | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | harjis | n.str.masc | host, army | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | ariere-ban | n | arriere-ban | AHD |
| herban | n | military service ban (summons) | AHD | |
| herbergere | n.fem | host, harbinger | W7 | |
| Middle French: | arenge | n.fem | harangue | W7 |
| hiraut | n.masc | herald | W7 | |
| French: | arrière-ban | n | arriere-ban | W7 |
| havre | n | haven, harbor | TLL | |
| Old Italian: | aringa | n.fem | harangue | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kãras | n.masc | war | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | koiranos | n.masc | commander | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |