Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. kreu-, kreuə- : krū-, kreus-, krus- 'raw flesh, thick/clotting blood; ice, crust'
Semantic Field(s): Flesh, Blood, Ice, Frost
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | crú | n | blood | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hrēaw, hrǣw | adj | raw | ASD/RPN |
| hrūse | n.fem | earth, ground | LRC | |
| Middle English: | cristal | n | crystal | W7 |
| cristallin | adj | crystalline | W7 | |
| crude | adj | crude | W7 | |
| cruel | adj | cruel | W7 | |
| crust | n | crust | W7 | |
| raw | adj | raw | W7 | |
| English: | creatine | n | white crystalline nitrogenous substance | AHD/W7 |
| creodont | n | extinct carnivorous mammal, lit. flesh-tooth | AHD | |
| crouton | n | small crisp cube of fried/toasted bread | AHD/W7 | |
| crude | adj | existing in natural state, unaltered by cooking/processing | AHD/W7 | |
| cruel | adj | disposed to inflict pain | AHD/W7 | |
| crust | n | hardened surface/exterior (e.g. of bread) | AHD/W7 | |
| crustacean | n | aquatic arthropod (e.g. crab, shrimp, lobster, barnacle) | AHD/W7 | |
| crustaceous | adj | re: hard shell/crust | AHD | |
| crustose | adj | re: thin crusty embedded lichen | AHD | |
| crymotherapy | n | therapeutic use of cold | AHD/W7 | |
| crystal | n | quartz that is (nearly) transparent/(nearly) colorless | AHD/W7 | |
| crystalline | adj | made/composed of crystal(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| ecru | n | beige | AHD/W7 | |
| encrust | vb | to line/cover/overlay with crust | AHD/W7 | |
| Kristallnacht | prop.n | Night of Broken Glass: Nazi anti-Jewish pogrom | AHD | |
| pancreas | n | compound racemose vertebrate gland | AHD/W7 | |
| raw | adj | uncooked | AHD/W7 | |
| recrudesce | vb.intrans | to break out/become active again | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | raauw | adj | raw | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | hrāo | adj | raw | RPN |
| Old High German: | (h)rō | adj | raw | W7 |
| (h)roso | n | ice, crust | RPN | |
| rou | adj | raw | ASD | |
| German: | Kristall | n.masc | crystal | LRC |
| Kristallnacht | prop.n.fem | Kristallnacht, lit. crystal night | AHD | |
| Kruste | n.fem | crust | LRC | |
| roh | adj | raw | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | hrár | adj | raw | RPN |
| hrjósa | vb | to shake, shudder | RPN | |
| hrúðr | n | crust, scab on sore | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | hrár | adj | raw | ASD |
| Danish: | raa | adj | raw | ASD |
| Swedish: | rå | adj | raw | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | crudelis, crudele | adj | cruel, wretched | W7 |
| crudesco, crudescere | vb | to become hard, violent | W7 | |
| crūdus | adj | raw, uncooked, bleeding | RPN | |
| cruentus | adj | bloody | RPN | |
| cruor, cruris | n.masc | gore, blood (flowing from wound) | RPN | |
| crusta | n.fem | crust, rind, bark | RPN | |
| crystallinus | adj | of crystals | W7 | |
| crystallum | n.neut | ice, crystal | W7 | |
| incrusto, incrustare | vb | to encrust | W7 | |
| recrudesco, recrudescere | vb | to become raw again | W7 | |
| New Latin: | pancreas | n.fem | organ in abdomen | W7 |
| Old French: | cristal | n.masc | crystal | W7 |
| cruel | adj | cruel, wretched | W7 | |
| escru | adj | ecru | W7 | |
| Middle French: | cristallin | adj | of crystal | W7 |
| crouste | n.fem | crust | W7 | |
| French: | croûte | n.fem | crust | W7 |
| croûton | n.masc | crouton | W7 | |
| cru | adj | raw | W7 | |
| écru | adj | unbleached | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kraũjas | n | blood | RPN |
| kruvinà, krùvinas | adj | bloody | LRC | |
| kùrti, kùria, kūrė | vb | to create | LRC | |
| Latvian: | kruvesis | n | rough frozen dung in road | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | krъvь | n | blood | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | κρέας | n | flesh, meat | RPN |
| κρυερός | adj | icy, chilling | RPN | |
| κρῡμός | n | frost, icy cold | RPN | |
| κρυόεις | adj | chilling, ice-cold | RPN | |
| κρύος | adj/n | ice-cold; chill, frost | RPN | |
| krystallinos | adj | crystalline | W7 | |
| κρύσταλλος | n | (clear) ice, crystal | RPN | |
| pankreas | n.neut | pancreas | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | xrūra- | adj | bloody, terrible | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | kravíṣ | n.neut | flesh, raw meat | RPN |
| krūrá-ḥ | adj/n | raw, wounded; blood | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | krośce | adj | cold | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | krośśäṁ | n.acc.sg | cold(ness) | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
