Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. kreu-, krou-s- 'to push, hit, break'
Semantic Field(s): to Push, Shove, to Hit, Strike, Beat, to Break
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hrēowan | vb.str | to rue | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | ruen | vb | to rue | W7 |
| ruthe | n | ruth | W7 | |
| English: | anacrusis | n | leading syllable(s) not part of metrical pattern in line of poetry | AHD/W7 |
| rue | vb | to feel regret/remorse/penitence | AHD/W7 | |
| ruth | n | compassion for misery of another | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | hrewan | vb | to rue | ASD |
| hrōrian | vb | to move, stir | ASD | |
| Old High German: | (h)riuwan | vb | to regret | ASD/W7 |
| hruorian | vb | to move, stir | ASD | |
| German: | reuen | vb | to rue | ASD |
| rühren | vb | to move, stir | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | hryggja, hryggwa | vb | to grieve, distress | ASD |
| hræra | vb | to move, stir | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| New Latin: | anacrusis | n.fem | beginning of a song | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | krušti | vb | to stamp, crush, grind | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | anakrouein | vb | to begin a song | W7 |
| anakrousis | n.fem | beginning of a song | W7 | |
| krouein | vb | to strike, beat | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
