Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: kþē(i)-, kþə(i)- 'to gain, acquire, possess'
Semantic Field(s): to Get, Obtain, to Own, Possess
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | chek, chak | n | check | OED |
chekmat(e) | n | checkmate | OED | |
ches | n | chess | W7 | |
escheker | n | exchequer | W7 | |
satrap(e) | n | satrap | W7 | |
English: | check | n | chess move attacking opponent's king | AHD |
checkmate | n | win/loss in chess game, lit. king [is] dead | AHD/W7 | |
chess | n | 2-player board game (from India via Persia) | LRC | |
exchequer | n | medieval English office/department in charge of state revenue | AHD/W7 | |
Kshatriya | prop.n | warrior/military caste, 2nd-highest of 4 in traditional Indian society | LRC | |
padishah | n | shah of Persia | CDC | |
satrap | n | provincial governor | AHD/W7 | |
shah | n | king, ruler of a land | AHD/CDC | |
Xerxes | prop.n | Persian king of Achaemenid dynasty | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | skaak | n | check; chess | OED |
Middle High German: | schāch | n | check | OED |
German: | Satrap | n.masc | satrap | LRC |
Schach | n.neut | check; chess | OED | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | skák | n | check; chess | OED |
Danish: | skak | n | check; chess | OED |
Swedish: | schack | n | check; chess | OED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | satrapēs | n.masc | satrap | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | scacci | n.pl | chess | OED |
Portuguese: | xaque | n | check; shah | OED |
Old Spanish: | xaque | n | check | OED |
xaquimate | n | checkmate | OED | |
Spanish: | jaque | n | check | OED |
Old French: | eschec, eschek, escheq | n | check | OED |
eschequier | n.masc | chessboard; counting table | W7 | |
esches | n.acc.pl | chess | W7 | |
Old North French: | eskec, escac | n | check | OED |
Anglo-French: | escheker | n.masc | chessboard; counting table | W7 |
French: | échec | n.masc | check; chess piece | LRC |
échecs | n.masc.pl | chess; chess set | OED | |
Provençal: | escac | n | check | OED |
escacos | n.pl | chess | OED | |
Italian: | scacchi | n.pl | chess | OED |
scacco | n | check | OED | |
scaccomatto | n | checkmate | OED | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | satrapēs | n.masc | satrap | W7 |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | khshathra | n | realm, province | AHD |
khshathra-pāvā | n | lit. province-protector | AHD | |
*khshaya | vb | to rule over | AHD | |
khshayārshan- | vb.ptc | lit. ruling over men | AHD | |
Persian: | shāh | n | shah; chess king | OED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | kṣatriya | n | upper-caste Hindu assigned to governing/military occupation | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
acc | = | accusative (case) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |