Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. k̑uei-, extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- 'to shine; white'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, White
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hwǣte | n | wheat | W7 |
| hwīt | adj | white | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | whete | n | wheat | W7 |
| white | adj/n | white | W7 | |
| whiten | vb | to whiten | W7 | |
| whiting | n | whiting | W7 | |
| English: | bismuth | n | heavy brittle grayish white trivalent metal | AHD/W7 |
| edelweiss | n | small perennial composite herb | AHD/W7 | |
| wheat | n | cereal grain yielding fine white flour | AHD/W7 | |
| white | adj/n | reflecting all light/colors; brightest color | AHD/W7 | |
| whiten | vb.trans | to make white | AHD/W7 | |
| Whiteskins | prop.n.pl | a.k.a. Rohirrim in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Whitfoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| whiting | n | marine food fish | AHD/W7 | |
| Whitwell | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| witloof | n | chicory | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hwīt | adj | white | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | wit | adj | white | W7 |
| witinc | n | whiting | W7 | |
| Dutch: | wit | adj | white | W7 |
| witloof | n | chicory | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | hwīt | adj | white | ASD |
| Old High German: | (h)wīz | adj | white | W7 |
| weiz(z)i | n | wheat | KDW/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | wise | n | meadow | AHD |
| German: | Edelweiss | n.neut | edelweiss | W7 |
| weiss | adj | white | W7 | |
| Weizen | n.masc | wheat | LRC | |
| Wiese | n.fem | meadow | AHD | |
| Wismut | n.neut | bismuth | W7 | |
| Wittling | n.masc | whiting | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hveiti | n | wheat | KNW |
| hvítr | adj | white, shining | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | hvítr | adj | white | ASD |
| Danish: | hvede | n | wheat | TLL |
| Swedish: | hvete | n | wheat | TLL |
| vit | adj | white | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ƕaiteis | n | wheat | KGW |
| ƕeits | adj | white | LRC | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *wichtgata, vvichtgata | adj | white | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Medieval Latin: | wismutum | n | bismuth | AHD |
| New Latin: | bisemūtum | n | bismuth | AHD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | šviesà | n.fem | light | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | světъ | n.masc | light | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | śveta | adj | white | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |