Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. k̑uei-, extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t- 'to shine; white'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, White
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hwǣte | n | wheat | W7 |
hwīt | adj | white | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | whete | n | wheat | W7 |
white | adj/n | white | W7 | |
whiten | vb | to whiten | W7 | |
whiting | n | whiting | W7 | |
English: | bismuth | n | heavy brittle grayish white trivalent metal | AHD/W7 |
edelweiss | n | small perennial composite herb | AHD/W7 | |
wheat | n | cereal grain yielding fine white flour | AHD/W7 | |
white | adj/n | reflecting all light/colors; brightest color | AHD/W7 | |
whiten | vb.trans | to make white | AHD/W7 | |
Whiteskins | prop.n.pl | a.k.a. Rohirrim in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Whitfoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
whiting | n | marine food fish | AHD/W7 | |
Whitwell | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
witloof | n | chicory | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hwīt | adj | white | ASD |
Middle Dutch: | wit | adj | white | W7 |
witinc | n | whiting | W7 | |
Dutch: | wit | adj | white | W7 |
witloof | n | chicory | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | hwīt | adj | white | ASD |
Old High German: | (h)wīz | adj | white | W7 |
weiz(z)i | n | wheat | KDW/W7 | |
Middle High German: | wise | n | meadow | AHD |
German: | Edelweiss | n.neut | edelweiss | W7 |
weiss | adj | white | W7 | |
Weizen | n.masc | wheat | LRC | |
Wiese | n.fem | meadow | AHD | |
Wismut | n.neut | bismuth | W7 | |
Wittling | n.masc | whiting | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hveiti | n | wheat | KNW |
hvítr | adj | white, shining | LRC | |
Icelandic: | hvítr | adj | white | ASD |
Danish: | hvede | n | wheat | TLL |
Swedish: | hvete | n | wheat | TLL |
vit | adj | white | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ƕaiteis | n | wheat | KGW |
ƕeits | adj | white | LRC | |
Crimean Gothic: | *wichtgata, vvichtgata | adj | white | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Medieval Latin: | wismutum | n | bismuth | AHD |
New Latin: | bisemūtum | n | bismuth | AHD |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | šviesà | n.fem | light | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | světъ | n.masc | light | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | śveta | adj | white | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |