Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑u̯on-, k̑un- 'hound, dog'
Semantic Field(s): Dog
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | cú | n | hound, dog | LRC |
| Breton: | koun | n | hound | LRC |
| Welsh: | ci | n | hound, dog | AHD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | grīghund | n.masc | greyhound | W7 |
| hund | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
| Middle English: | grehound | n | greyhound | W7 |
| hound | n | hound, dog | W7 | |
| kenel | n | kennel | W7 | |
| English: | canaille | n | rabble, riffraff | AHD/W7 |
| canary | n | lively court dance of 16th century | AHD/W7 | |
| canicular | adj | re: Dog Star | AHD/W7 | |
| canine | adj | re: dogs (incl. foxes, wolves, jackals) | AHD/W7 | |
| chenille | n | silk/wool/cotton yarn with protruding pile | AHD/W7 | |
| corgi | n | Welsh fox-like dog breed, lit. dwarf-dog | AHD | |
| cynic | n | philosopher: sole good is in virtue, whose essence is self-control/independence | AHD/W7 | |
| cynical | adj | peevish, captious, re: cynic | W9 | |
| dachshund | n | small dog (breed): long body, short legs, long drooping ears | AHD/W7 | |
| greyhound | n | tall slender dog (breed): swift, graceful, smooth-coated | AHD/W7 | |
| hound | n | hunting dog (breed) | AHD/W7 | |
| keeshond | n | grayish-black dog (breed) | AHD | |
| kennel | n | shelter for dog(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| Procyon | prop.n | brightest star in constellation Canis Minor | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | hund | n | hound, dog | ASD |
| Dutch: | hond | n | hound, dog | TLL |
| keeshond | n | keeshond | AHD | |
| Old Saxon: | hund | n | hound, dog | ASD |
| Old High German: | hunt | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 |
| German: | Dachshund | n.masc | dachshund, lit. badger-hound | W7 |
| Hund | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
| Hündin | n.fem | bitch: female dog | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | hund | n | hound | W7 |
| Icelandic: | hundr | n | hound, dog | ASD |
| Danish: | hund | n | hound, dog | TLL |
| Swedish: | hund | n | hound, dog | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | hunds | n.masc | hound, dog | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | canicula | n.fem | dog, the Dog-Star | W7 |
| caninus | adj | re: dog | W7 | |
| canis | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
| cynicus | adj/n.masc | cynic(al), lit. re: dog | W7 | |
| Procyon | prop.n.masc | Procyon | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | canile | adj | re: dog | W7 |
| Old Spanish: | canario | n.masc | canary, small finch | W7 |
| Middle French: | canarie | n.fem | canary | W7 |
| cynique | adj | cynical | W7 | |
| French: | canaille | n.fem | wicked man | W7 |
| chenille | n.fem | caterpillar | W7 | |
| chien | n | hound, dog | TLL | |
| Italian: | canaglia | n.fem | canaille | CID/W7 |
| cane | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | šuõ | n | dog | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | kynikos | adj | cynical, lit. re: dog | W7 |
| κύων | n.masc | hound, dog | LRC | |
| Prokyōn | prop.n.masc | Procyon | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hieroglyphic Luwian: | sù-wa-nà-i | n | dog | LRC |
| Hittite: | kun- | n | hound, dog | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | šun, šan | n | dog | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | span- | n | dog | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ś(u)vā́ | n | dog | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ku, kwem | n | hound, dog | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | ku, kon | n | hound, dog | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |