Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: k̑u̯on-, k̑un- 'hound, dog'
Semantic Field(s): Dog
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cú | n | hound, dog | LRC |
Breton: | koun | n | hound | LRC |
Welsh: | ci | n | hound, dog | AHD |
English | ||||
Old English: | grīghund | n.masc | greyhound | W7 |
hund | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
Middle English: | grehound | n | greyhound | W7 |
hound | n | hound, dog | W7 | |
kenel | n | kennel | W7 | |
English: | canaille | n | rabble, riffraff | AHD/W7 |
canary | n | lively court dance of 16th century | AHD/W7 | |
canicular | adj | re: Dog Star | AHD/W7 | |
canine | adj | re: dogs (incl. foxes, wolves, jackals) | AHD/W7 | |
chenille | n | silk/wool/cotton yarn with protruding pile | AHD/W7 | |
corgi | n | Welsh fox-like dog breed, lit. dwarf-dog | AHD | |
cynic | n | philosopher: sole good is in virtue, whose essence is self-control/independence | AHD/W7 | |
cynical | adj | peevish, captious, re: cynic | W9 | |
dachshund | n | small dog (breed): long body, short legs, long drooping ears | AHD/W7 | |
greyhound | n | tall slender dog (breed): swift, graceful, smooth-coated | AHD/W7 | |
hound | n | hunting dog (breed) | AHD/W7 | |
keeshond | n | grayish-black dog (breed) | AHD | |
kennel | n | shelter for dog(s) | AHD/W7 | |
Procyon | prop.n | brightest star in constellation Canis Minor | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hund | n | hound, dog | ASD |
Dutch: | hond | n | hound, dog | TLL |
keeshond | n | keeshond | AHD | |
Old Saxon: | hund | n | hound, dog | ASD |
Old High German: | hunt | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 |
German: | Dachshund | n.masc | dachshund, lit. badger-hound | W7 |
Hund | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
Hündin | n.fem | bitch: female dog | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hund | n | hound | W7 |
Icelandic: | hundr | n | hound, dog | ASD |
Danish: | hund | n | hound, dog | TLL |
Swedish: | hund | n | hound, dog | LRC |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | hunds | n.masc | hound, dog | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | canicula | n.fem | dog, the Dog-Star | W7 |
caninus | adj | re: dog | W7 | |
canis | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
cynicus | adj/n.masc | cynic(al), lit. re: dog | W7 | |
Procyon | prop.n.masc | Procyon | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | canile | adj | re: dog | W7 |
Old Spanish: | canario | n.masc | canary, small finch | W7 |
Middle French: | canarie | n.fem | canary | W7 |
cynique | adj | cynical | W7 | |
French: | canaille | n.fem | wicked man | W7 |
chenille | n.fem | caterpillar | W7 | |
chien | n | hound, dog | TLL | |
Italian: | canaglia | n.fem | canaille | CID/W7 |
cane | n.masc | hound, dog | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | šuõ | n | dog | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | kynikos | adj | cynical, lit. re: dog | W7 |
κύων | n.masc | hound, dog | LRC | |
Prokyōn | prop.n.masc | Procyon | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hieroglyphic Luwian: | sù-wa-nà-i | n | dog | LRC |
Hittite: | kun- | n | hound, dog | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | šun, šan | n | dog | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | span- | n | dog | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ś(u)vā́ | n | dog | LRC |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ku, kwem | n | hound, dog | LRC |
Tocharian A: | ku, kon | n | hound, dog | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |