Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ku̯e '(enclitic) and'
Semantic Field(s): to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | -ch | enc.pcl | any | RPN |
| English | ||||
| English: | sesqui- | pfx | one and a half | AHD/W7 |
| sesquipedal | adj | sesquipedalian | AHD | |
| sesquipedalian | adj | one and a half feet tall/long | AHD | |
| ubiquity | n | omnipresence, simultaneous presence everywhere | AHD/W7 | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ƕa-h | pron | each, every, etc. | RPN |
| ni-h | adv | not | RPN | |
| -(u)h | enc.pcl | and, but, now, then, therefore | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | ne-p, ni-p | conj | and not | RPN |
| Umbrian: | nei-p, ni-p | conj | and not | RPN |
| Latin: | -c | enc.pcl | each, every, everyone | RPN |
| ne-c, ne-que | conj | and not | RPN | |
| -que | enc.conj/pcl | and | LRC | |
| sesqui- | pfx | one and a half | W7 | |
| ubique | adv | everywhere | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | καί | conj | and, also | RPN |
| τε | enc.conj | and | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | -ku(-wa) | enc.conj | also, furthermore | RPN |
| Hittite: | -k(k)u | enc.conj | and, now, even | RPN |
| kuišku | indef.pron | someone | RPN | |
| Palaic: | -ku | enc.conj | and | RPN |
| Lydian: | -k | enc.conj | and, also | RPN |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | inč' | indef.adj/n | some, any; a thing | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | -čā | enc.conj | and | RPN |
| Avestan: | -ča | enc.conj | and | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ca | enc.conj | and, also, as well as | RPN |
| Pali: | ca | enc.conj | and, then, now | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| enc | = | enclitic |
| indef | = | indefinite |
| n | = | noun |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pron | = | pronoun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
