Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ku̯o-, ku̯e-, fem. ku̯ā, ku̯ei- '(indefinite/interrogative pronoun)'
Semantic Field(s): to Ask, Request
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | cia | int.pron | who? | LRC |
cía | int.pron | who? | RPN | |
Breton: | piou | int.pron | who? | RPN |
Cornish: | pyw | int.pron | who? | RPN |
Old Welsh: | pa | int.pron | what? | LRC |
Welsh: | pwy | int.pron | who? | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | ǣghwæðer | adj/pron | both, each, every one, either | ASD/W7 |
hū | conj | how | LRC | |
hwā, hwæt | int.pron | who? what? | LRC | |
hwǣr, hwar | adv/conj | where | ASD | |
hwæt-hwega, hwæt-hwegu | indef.pron/adv | something, somewhat, a little | ASD | |
hwæt-hwigu, hwæt-hugu | indef.pron/adv | something, somewhat, a little | ASD | |
hwæðer, hweðer | conj | if, either, whether | W7 | |
hwæðer | pron | whether | ASD | |
hwæð(e)re, hweðre | conj | but, yet, however | ASD | |
hwanon(e), hwanan, hwonan | adv | whence | ASD/W7 | |
hwider | adv | whither | W7 | |
hwilc, hwelc, hwylc | adj/pron | which | ASD/W7 | |
hwonne, hwenne | adv | when | W7 | |
hwȳ, hwī | adv/conj | why | ASD/W7 | |
nāhwæðer, nā(w)ðer, nōðer | pron | neither | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | aywhere | adv | on all sides | MEV |
cotidian | adj | quotidian | W7 | |
either, aither, ayþer | adj/pron | both, either | MEV/W7 | |
how | adv | how | W7 | |
nauther, neither, nother | pron | neither | W7 | |
neutre | adj | neuter | W7 | |
qualite | n | quality | W7 | |
quantite | n | quantity | W7 | |
quocient | n | quotient | W7 | |
quorum | n | quorum | W7 | |
what | adj/adv/pron | what | W7 | |
when | adv/conj | when | W7 | |
whenne(s) | adv | whence | W7 | |
where | adv | wherefore | W7 | |
whether | conj/pron | whether | W7 | |
which | adj | which | W7 | |
whither | adv | whither | W7 | |
who | pron | who | W7 | |
whos | adj | whose | W7 | |
why | adv | why | W7 | |
English: | aliquot | adj | contained in another an integral number of times | AHD/W7 |
conquian | n | Mexican card game: cooncan | AHD | |
cooncan | n | early version of rummy | AHD | |
cue | n | word/phrase/stage business (in play) signalling speech/action | AHD/W7 | |
either | adj/pron | each, one or another (of two) | AHD/W7 | |
how | adv | in what way/manner | AHD/W7 | |
kickshaw | n | delicacy, fancy food | AHD | |
neither | pron | not one or the other (of two) | AHD/W7 | |
neuter | adj | re: gender neither masculine nor feminine | AHD/W7 | |
posology | n | study of drug/medicine dosages | AHD | |
qu | n | [abbr. for] cue | AHD/W7 | |
qua | adv | as, in capacity/character of | AHD/W7 | |
quality | n | nature, peculiar/essential character | AHD/W7 | |
quantity | n | (indefinite) amount/number | AHD/W7 | |
quibble | n | petty distinction, irrelevant objection | AHD | |
quibble | vb | to evade truth/importance via trivialities | AHD | |
quiddity | n | quibble, trifling point | AHD/W7 | |
quidnunc | n | busybody, newsmonger, nosy person | AHD | |
quip | n | gibe, clever taunting remark | AHD/W7 | |
quippy | n | quip | AHD/W7 | |
quondam | adj | sometime, former | AHD/W7 | |
quorum | n | number that, when duly assembled, are legally competent to conduct business | AHD/W7 | |
quote | vb.wk | to speak/write words spoken/written by another | AHD/W7 | |
quotidian | adj | occurring daily | AHD/W7 | |
quotient | n | result of dividing one number by another | AHD/W7 | |
what | adv.obs | why | AHD/W7 | |
what | int.adj/pron | (inquiry re:) identity of object/matter | AHD/W7 | |
when | adv | at what time | AHD/W7 | |
when | conj | while/at/during a time | AHD/W7 | |
whence | adv | from what place/source/cause | AHD/W7 | |
where | adv | at/in/to what place | AHD/W7 | |
whether | conj | [introduces alternatives] | AHD/W7 | |
whether | pron.arch | which of two | AHD/W7 | |
which | adj | re: what one/ones in group | AHD/W7 | |
whither | adv | to what place | AHD/W7 | |
who | pron.nom | what/which person(s) | AHD/W7 | |
whom | pron.obj | who | AHD/W7 | |
whose | adj | re: whom/which | AHD/W7 | |
why | adv | for what cause/reason/purpose | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | hu, ho | adv | how | ASD |
hwā | int.pron | who? | RPN | |
hweder | conj | whether | ASD | |
hwēr | adv | where | ASD | |
hwet | int.pron | what? | ASD | |
Dutch: | hoe | conj | how | TLL |
hoewel | conj | although | TLL | |
terwijl | conj | while | TLL | |
waar | conj | where | TLL | |
wanneer | conj | when | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | hwanan | adv | whence | ASD |
hwār | adv | where | ASD | |
hwat | int.pron | what? | ASD | |
hwē, hwie | int.pron | who? | RPN | |
hweðar | conj | whether | ASD | |
hwilīk | pron | which | ASD | |
hwō | adv | how | ASD | |
Old High German: | hwanān(a) | adv | whence | ASD/W7 |
hwanne | adv/conj | when | W7 | |
hwār | adv | where | W7 | |
(h)waz | int.adj/pron | what? | LRC | |
(h)wedar | pron | whether | TLL/W7 | |
(h)wer | int.pron | who? | W7 | |
hwuo, hweō | adv | how | ASD/W7 | |
wilīh, hwelīh | adj | which, of what kind | ASD/W7 | |
German: | entweder | conj | either | TLL |
wannen | adv | whence | ASD | |
was | int.pron | what? | ASD | |
weder | conj | neither | TLL | |
welcher | pron | which | ASD | |
wer | int.pron | who? | ASD | |
wie | adv | how | ASD | |
wo | adv/conj | where; when | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hvar | adv | where; everywhere | LRC |
hverr | adj/pron | who, which, what; each, every | LRC | |
hví | int.adv | why? | LRC | |
hwelīk, hwe(l)k, hulk | pron | which | ASD | |
Old Icelandic: | hvat | int.adj/pron | what? | LRC |
hvé | int.adv | how? | RPN | |
Icelandic: | hvar | adv | where | ASD |
hvar | int.pron | who? | ASD | |
hvat | int.pron | what? | ASD | |
hvárt | conj | whether | ASD | |
hvílíkr | pron | which | ASD | |
Old Danish: | hwa | int.pron | who? | RPN |
Danish: | hvis | conj | if | TLL |
hvor | adv/conj | where | TLL | |
hvordan | conj | how | TLL | |
Old Swedish: | ho | int.pron | who? | RPN |
Swedish: | hur | conj | how | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | áinshun | indef.pron | [always with negative] (no) one, (n)one | LRC |
hwē | adv | how | ASD | |
hwēleiks, hwileiks | pron | which | ASD | |
ƕa | int.adv | why? | LRC | |
ƕan | adv | when? whenever, at any time | RPN | |
ƕar | int.adv | where? | RPN | |
ƕarjis | int.adj | which? | RPN | |
ƕas, ƕō | int.pron | who? what? | LRC | |
ƕaþ | int.adv | whereto? | RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | aliquot | adj/pron | some, several | W7 |
cotidianus | adj | of every day | W7 | |
neuter | adj.pron | neutral, none of two | W7 | |
qua | adv | by, by means of | W7 | |
qualis | int/rel.pron | of what kind | W7 | |
qualitas, qualitatis | n.fem | quality, kind | W7 | |
quam | adv | than, how, as | LRC | |
quando | adv/conj | ever, at some time; when | LRC | |
quantitas, quantitatis | n.fem | quantity | W7 | |
quantum | adv | as much | LRC | |
quantus | int.pron | how much, how large | W7 | |
qui, qua(e), quod | indef.pron | some, any, who | LRC | |
qui, quae, quod | int/rel.pron | who, which, what | LRC | |
quia | conj | because | LRC | |
quippe | adv | indeed, to be sure (often ironical) | W7 | |
quis, quis, quid | int/indef.pron | who? what? someone, anything | LRC | |
quisque, quaeque, quodque | indef.pron | everyone | LRC | |
quisquis, quaeque, quicquid | indef.pron | whoever, whatever | LRC | |
quo | adv | what | LRC | |
quod | conj | that, because | LRC | |
quom, cum | conj | when, with | LRC | |
quondam | adv | sometimes, at a certain time | W7 | |
quot | adj/adv | how many | RPN | |
quotidianus | adv | of every day | W7 | |
quotidie | adv | every day | W7 | |
quotiens | adj/vb.ptc | how many times | W7 | |
quotus | int.adj | of what number/quantity | W7 | |
sicut | adv | as, like | LRC | |
unde | adv | from whence | LRC | |
undecumque | adv | from every side | LRC | |
undique | adv | from every quarter | LRC | |
ut | adv/conj | as, where; that, so that | LRC | |
uter, utra, utrum | pron | which of two | LRC | |
uti | conj | that, so that | LRC | |
utique | adv | certainly | LRC | |
Medieval Latin: | aliquotus | adj | some | W7 |
quidditas | n.fem | essence, whatness | W7 | |
quotō, quotāre | vb | to number references, mark the number of | W7 | |
Portuguese: | como | conj | as, how | TLL |
dove | conj | where | TLL | |
onde | conj | where | TLL | |
quando | conj | when | TLL | |
que | conj | that; than | TLL | |
Spanish: | como | conj | as, how | TLL |
cotidiano | adj | daily | TLL | |
cuando | conj | when | TLL | |
donde | conj | where | TLL | |
que | conj | that; than | TLL | |
American Spanish: | conquián | n | conquian | AHD |
Old French: | qualité | n.fem | quality | W7 |
quantité | n.fem | quantity | W7 | |
Middle French: | cotidian | adj | daily | W7 |
neutre | adj | neuter | W7 | |
French: | comme | conj | as | TLL |
comment | conj | how | TLL | |
où | conj | where | TLL | |
quand | conj | when | TLL | |
que | conj | that; than | TLL | |
quotidien | adj | daily | TLL | |
Italian: | chè | conj | that; than | TLL |
come | conj | as, how | TLL | |
cotidiano | adj | daily | TLL | |
quando | conj | when | TLL | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kaĩp | adv/conj/pcl | how, as, like | LRC |
kàs | pron | who, which, what | LRC | |
kur̃ | adv | where, whither | RPN | |
kurìs, kurì | pron/conj | who, which | LRC | |
Latvian: | kāda | pron | someone, anyone | LRC |
kas | pron | that, which | LRC | |
katrs | pron | each, every | LRC | |
kur | adv | where | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | kogda | int.adv | when; sometime | LRC |
kъto | int/indef.pron | who? someone | LRC | |
čьto | int.pron | what? | LRC | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | kë | int.pron | who? | LRC |
kur | adv | as, when | IEW | |
si | conj | as | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | πότερος | adj/pron | which; whether | LS |
Greek: | κώ, πῶ | adv | yet | LRC |
μήποτε | conj | lest | LRC | |
ὅπως | adv | so that | LRC | |
ὅσος | rel.pron | as many | LRC | |
ὅστις | rel.pron | whoever, whatever | LRC | |
οὐδέποτε | adv | never | LRC | |
οὐδέπω | adv | not yet | LRC | |
πόθεν | adv | from where | LRC | |
πόσος | int.pron | how much? how many? of what quantity? | RPN | |
ποτέ | adv | ever, at some time | LRC | |
ποῦ, ὅπου | adv | where | LRC | |
που | adv | perhaps, anywhere | LRC | |
πῶς | int.pcl | how | LRC | |
τι | adv | howsoever, in any way | LRC | |
τίς, τί | int.pron | who? what? | LRC | |
τὶς | indef.pron | someone, something | LRC | |
Anatolian | ||||
Luwian: | ku-(i-)iš | int.pron | who? | RPN |
ku-wa-(a-)ti(-in) | int.adv | how? | RPN | |
ku-wa-at-ti | rel.adv | where, whence | RPN | |
Lycian: | ti | int/rel.pron | who | RPN |
Hittite: | ku-iš, ku-in, ku-it | int.pron | who? | RPN |
ku-(u-)wa-at | int.adv | why? | RPN | |
ku-wa-(a-)pí | int.adv | when? where? whither? | RPN | |
ku-wa-(at-)tin | int.adv | where? whither? | RPN | |
Palaic: | kuiš | int/rel.pron | who | RPN |
Lydian: | qis | rel.pron | who | RPN |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | zi | conj | for; that; because | LRC |
omn | adj/pron | some, certain | LRC | |
or | rel.pron | who, what, which | LRC | |
kʿan | conj | than | LRC | |
Armenian: | o | int.pron | who? | LRC |
kʰani | int.pron | how many? | RPN | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | ka- | int.indef.pron.stem | who | RPN |
Avestan: | čaiti | int.pron | how many? | RPN |
cit | int/indef.pron | what | LRC | |
ka- | int/indef.pron.stem | who | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ká-ḥ, kā́, kim | int.pron | who? | RPN |
káti | int.adj | how many? | RPN | |
kútra | int.adv | where? | RPN | |
cid | conj | even, also | RPN | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | kuce | conj | because; (so) that | RPN |
kuse, kuce | int/rel.pron | who, whoever, the one who | RPN | |
Tocharian A: | kus, kuc | int.pron | who? which? what? | RPN |
kusne, kucne | rel.pron | who, which | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
arch | = | archaic |
conj | = | conjunction |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
indef | = | indefinite |
int | = | interrogative (mood) |
n | = | noun |
nom | = | nominative (case) |
obj | = | objective (case) |
obs | = | obsolete |
pcl | = | particle |
pron | = | pronoun |
ptc | = | participle |
rel | = | relative |
stem | = | stem |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |