Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: k^u̯o-, k^u̯e-, fem. k^u̯ā, k^u̯ei- '(indefinite/interrogative pronoun)'

Semantic Field(s): to Ask, Request

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cia	int.pron	who?	LRC
	cía	int.pron	who?	RPN
Breton:	piou	int.pron	who?	RPN
Cornish:	pyw	int.pron	who?	RPN
Old Welsh:	pa	int.pron	what?	LRC
Welsh:	pwy	int.pron	who?	RPN
English
Old English:	ǣghwæðer	adj/pron	both, each, every one, either	ASD/W7
	hū	conj	how	LRC
	hwā, hwæt	int.pron	who? what?	LRC
	hwǣr, hwar	adv/conj	where	ASD
	hwæt-hwega, hwæt-hwegu	indef.pron/adv	something, somewhat, a little	ASD
	hwæt-hwigu, hwæt-hugu	indef.pron/adv	something, somewhat, a little	ASD
	hwæðer, hweðer	conj	if, either, whether	W7
	hwæðer	pron	whether	ASD
	hwæð(e)re, hweðre	conj	but, yet, however	ASD
	hwanon(e), hwanan, hwonan	adv	whence	ASD/W7
	hwider	adv	whither	W7
	hwilc, hwelc, hwylc	adj/pron	which	ASD/W7
	hwonne, hwenne	adv	when	W7
	hwȳ, hwī	adv/conj	why	ASD/W7
	nāhwæðer, nā(w)ðer, nōðer	pron	neither	ASD/W7
Middle English:	aywhere	adv	on all sides	MEV
	cotidian	adj	quotidian	W7
	either, aither, ayþer	adj/pron	both, either	MEV/W7
	how	adv	how	W7
	nauther, neither, nother	pron	neither	W7
	neutre	adj	neuter	W7
	qualite	n	quality	W7
	quantite	n	quantity	W7
	quocient	n	quotient	W7
	quorum	n	quorum	W7
	what	adj/adv/pron	what	W7
	when	adv/conj	when	W7
	whenne(s)	adv	whence	W7
	where	adv	wherefore	W7
	whether	conj/pron	whether	W7
	which	adj	which	W7
	whither	adv	whither	W7
	who	pron	who	W7
	whos	adj	whose	W7
	why	adv	why	W7
English:	aliquot	adj	contained in another an integral number of times	AHD/W7
	conquian	n	Mexican card game: cooncan	AHD
	cooncan	n	early version of rummy	AHD
	cue	n	word/phrase/stage business (in play) signalling speech/action	AHD/W7
	either	adj/pron	each, one or another (of two)	AHD/W7
	how	adv	in what way/manner	AHD/W7
	kickshaw	n	delicacy, fancy food	AHD
	neither	pron	not one or the other (of two)	AHD/W7
	neuter	adj	re: gender neither masculine nor feminine	AHD/W7
	posology	n	study of drug/medicine dosages	AHD
	qu	n	[abbr. for] cue	AHD/W7
	qua	adv	as, in capacity/character of	AHD/W7
	quality	n	nature, peculiar/essential character	AHD/W7
	quantity	n	(indefinite) amount/number	AHD/W7
	quibble	n	petty distinction, irrelevant objection	AHD
	quibble	vb	to evade truth/importance via trivialities	AHD
	quiddity	n	quibble, trifling point	AHD/W7
	quidnunc	n	busybody, newsmonger, nosy person	AHD
	quip	n	gibe, clever taunting remark	AHD/W7
	quippy	n	quip	AHD/W7
	quondam	adj	sometime, former	AHD/W7
	quorum	n	number that, when duly assembled, are legally competent to conduct business	AHD/W7
	quote	vb.wk	to speak/write words spoken/written by another	AHD/W7
	quotidian	adj	occurring daily	AHD/W7
	quotient	n	result of dividing one number by another	AHD/W7
	what	adv.obs	why	AHD/W7
	what	int.adj/pron	(inquiry re:) identity of object/matter	AHD/W7
	when	adv	at what time	AHD/W7
	when	conj	while/at/during a time	AHD/W7
	whence	adv	from what place/source/cause	AHD/W7
	where	adv	at/in/to what place	AHD/W7
	whether	conj	[introduces alternatives]	AHD/W7
	whether	pron.arch	which of two	AHD/W7
	which	adj	re: what one/ones in group	AHD/W7
	whither	adv	to what place	AHD/W7
	who	pron.nom	what/which person(s)	AHD/W7
	whom	pron.obj	who	AHD/W7
	whose	adj	re: whom/which	AHD/W7
	why	adv	for what cause/reason/purpose	AHD/W7
West Germanic
Old Frisian:	hu, ho	adv	how	ASD
	hwā	int.pron	who?	RPN
	hweder	conj	whether	ASD
	hwēr	adv	where	ASD
	hwet	int.pron	what?	ASD
Dutch:	hoe	conj	how	TLL
	hoewel	conj	although	TLL
	terwijl	conj	while	TLL
	waar	conj	where	TLL
	wanneer	conj	when	TLL
Old Saxon:	hwanan	adv	whence	ASD
	hwār	adv	where	ASD
	hwat	int.pron	what?	ASD
	hwē, hwie	int.pron	who?	RPN
	hweðar	conj	whether	ASD
	hwilīk	pron	which	ASD
	hwō	adv	how	ASD
Old High German:	hwanān(a)	adv	whence	ASD/W7
	hwanne	adv/conj	when	W7
	hwār	adv	where	W7
	(h)waz	int.adj/pron	what?	LRC
	(h)wedar	pron	whether	TLL/W7
	(h)wer	int.pron	who?	W7
	hwuo, hweō	adv	how	ASD/W7
	wilīh, hwelīh	adj	which, of what kind	ASD/W7
German:	entweder	conj	either	TLL
	wannen	adv	whence	ASD
	was	int.pron	what?	ASD
	weder	conj	neither	TLL
	welcher	pron	which	ASD
	wer	int.pron	who?	ASD
	wie	adv	how	ASD
	wo	adv/conj	where; when	TLL
North Germanic
Old Norse:	hvar	adv	where; everywhere	LRC
	hverr	adj/pron	who, which, what; each, every	LRC
	hví	int.adv	why?	LRC
	hwelīk, hwe(l)k, hulk	pron	which	ASD
Old Icelandic:	hvat	int.adj/pron	what?	LRC
	hvé	int.adv	how?	RPN
Icelandic:	hvar	adv	where	ASD
	hvar	int.pron	who?	ASD
	hvat	int.pron	what?	ASD
	hvárt	conj	whether	ASD
	hvílíkr	pron	which	ASD
Old Danish:	hwa	int.pron	who?	RPN
Danish:	hvis	conj	if	TLL
	hvor	adv/conj	where	TLL
	hvordan	conj	how	TLL
Old Swedish:	ho	int.pron	who?	RPN
Swedish:	hur	conj	how	TLL
East Germanic
Gothic:	áinshun	indef.pron	[always with negative] (no) one, (n)one	LRC
	hwē	adv	how	ASD
	hwēleiks, hwileiks	pron	which	ASD
	ƕa	int.adv	why?	LRC
	ƕan	adv	when? whenever, at any time	RPN
	ƕar	int.adv	where?	RPN
	ƕarjis	int.adj	which?	RPN
	ƕas, ƕō	int.pron	who? what?	LRC
	ƕaþ	int.adv	whereto?	RPN
Italic
Latin:	aliquot	adj/pron	some, several	W7
	cotidianus	adj	of every day	W7
	neuter	adj.pron	neutral, none of two	W7
	qua	adv	by, by means of	W7
	qualis	int/rel.pron	of what kind	W7
	qualitas, qualitatis	n.fem	quality, kind	W7
	quam	adv	than, how, as	LRC
	quando	adv/conj	ever, at some time; when	LRC
	quantitas, quantitatis	n.fem	quantity	W7
	quantum	adv	as much	LRC
	quantus	int.pron	how much, how large	W7
	qui, qua(e), quod	indef.pron	some, any, who	LRC
	qui, quae, quod	int/rel.pron	who, which, what	LRC
	quia	conj	because	LRC
	quippe	adv	indeed, to be sure (often ironical)	W7
	quis, quis, quid	int/indef.pron	who? what? someone, anything	LRC
	quisque, quaeque, quodque	indef.pron	everyone	LRC
	quisquis, quaeque, quicquid	indef.pron	whoever, whatever	LRC
	quo	adv	what	LRC
	quod	conj	that, because	LRC
	quom, cum	conj	when, with	LRC
	quondam	adv	sometimes, at a certain time	W7
	quot	adj/adv	how many	RPN
	quotidianus	adv	of every day	W7
	quotidie	adv	every day	W7
	quotiens	adj/vb.ptc	how many times	W7
	quotus	int.adj	of what number/quantity	W7
	sicut	adv	as, like	LRC
	unde	adv	from whence	LRC
	undecumque	adv	from every side	LRC
	undique	adv	from every quarter	LRC
	ut	adv/conj	as, where; that, so that	LRC
	uter, utra, utrum	pron	which of two	LRC
	uti	conj	that, so that	LRC
	utique	adv	certainly	LRC
Medieval Latin:	aliquotus	adj	some	W7
	quidditas	n.fem	essence, whatness	W7
	quotō, quotāre	vb	to number references, mark the number of	W7
Portuguese:	como	conj	as, how	TLL
	dove	conj	where	TLL
	onde	conj	where	TLL
	quando	conj	when	TLL
	que	conj	that; than	TLL
Spanish:	como	conj	as, how	TLL
	cotidiano	adj	daily	TLL
	cuando	conj	when	TLL
	donde	conj	where	TLL
	que	conj	that; than	TLL
American Spanish:	conquián	n	conquian	AHD
Old French:	qualité	n.fem	quality	W7
	quantité	n.fem	quantity	W7
Middle French:	cotidian	adj	daily	W7
	neutre	adj	neuter	W7
French:	comme	conj	as	TLL
	comment	conj	how	TLL
	où	conj	where	TLL
	quand	conj	when	TLL
	que	conj	that; than	TLL
	quotidien	adj	daily	TLL
Italian:	chè	conj	that; than	TLL
	come	conj	as, how	TLL
	cotidiano	adj	daily	TLL
	quando	conj	when	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	kaĩp	adv/conj/pcl	how, as, like	LRC
	kàs	pron	who, which, what	LRC
	kur̃	adv	where, whither	RPN
	kurìs, kurì	pron/conj	who, which	LRC
Latvian:	kāda	pron	someone, anyone	LRC
	kas	pron	that, which	LRC
	katrs	pron	each, every	LRC
	kur	adv	where	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	kogda	int.adv	when; sometime	LRC
	kъto	int/indef.pron	who? someone	LRC
	čьto	int.pron	what?	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	kë	int.pron	who?	LRC
	kur	adv	as, when	IEW
	si	conj	as	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	πότερος	adj/pron	which; whether	LS
Greek:	κώ, πῶ	adv	yet	LRC
	μήποτε	conj	lest	LRC
	ὅπως	adv	so that	LRC
	ὅσος	rel.pron	as many	LRC
	ὅστις	rel.pron	whoever, whatever	LRC
	οὐδέποτε	adv	never	LRC
	οὐδέπω	adv	not yet	LRC
	πόθεν	adv	from where	LRC
	πόσος	int.pron	how much? how many? of what quantity?	RPN
	ποτέ	adv	ever, at some time	LRC
	ποῦ, ὅπου	adv	where	LRC
	που	adv	perhaps, anywhere	LRC
	πῶς	int.pcl	how	LRC
	τι	adv	howsoever, in any way	LRC
	τίς, τί	int.pron	who? what?	LRC
	τὶς	indef.pron	someone, something	LRC
Anatolian
Luwian:	ku-(i-)iš	int.pron	who?	RPN
	ku-wa-(a-)ti(-in)	int.adv	how?	RPN
	ku-wa-at-ti	rel.adv	where, whence	RPN
Lycian:	ti	int/rel.pron	who	RPN
Hittite:	ku-iš, ku-in, ku-it	int.pron	who?	RPN
	ku-(u-)wa-at	int.adv	why?	RPN
	ku-wa-(a-)pí	int.adv	when? where? whither?	RPN
	ku-wa-(at-)tin	int.adv	where? whither?	RPN
Palaic:	kuiš	int/rel.pron	who	RPN
Lydian:	qis	rel.pron	who	RPN
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	zi	conj	for; that; because	LRC
	omn	adj/pron	some, certain	LRC
	or	rel.pron	who, what, which	LRC
	kʿan	conj	than	LRC
Armenian:	o	int.pron	who?	LRC
	kʰani	int.pron	how many?	RPN
Iranian
Old Persian:	ka-	int.indef.pron.stem	who	RPN
Avestan:	čaiti	int.pron	how many?	RPN
	cit	int/indef.pron	what	LRC
	ka-	int/indef.pron.stem	who	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	ká-ḥ, kā́, kim	int.pron	who?	RPN
	káti	int.adj	how many?	RPN
	kútra	int.adv	where?	RPN
	cid	conj	even, also	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	kuce	conj	because; (so) that	RPN
	kuse, kuce	int/rel.pron	who, whoever, the one who	RPN
Tocharian A:	kus, kuc	int.pron	who? which? what?	RPN
	kusne, kucne	rel.pron	who, which	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
arch	=	archaic
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indef	=	indefinite
int	=	interrogative (mood)
n	=	noun
nom	=	nominative (case)
obj	=	objective (case)
obs	=	obsolete
pcl	=	particle
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
rel	=	relative
stem	=	stem
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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