Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. lei- 'to dissipate, disappear; thin, weak'
Semantic Field(s): to Depart, Go Away, Thin (in Dimension), Weak, Infirm
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lǣs | adj/adv | less, partly | W7 |
| lǣs | n.fem | letting (of blood) | W7 | |
| lǣssa | adj.comp | less | W7 | |
| lǣst | adj.sup | least | W7 | |
| Middle English: | leest | adj.sup | least | W7 |
| less | adj.comp | less | W7 | |
| English: | least | adj.sup | lowest in amount/importance | AHD/W7 |
| less | adj.comp | fewer | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | lēs | adj | less | W7 |
| lessa | adj.comp | less | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | les | adv/conj | less; lest | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | lítill | adj | little, short | LRC |
| lítt | adv | little | LRC | |
| læ | n.neut | harm, destruction, misfortune | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | leitils | adj | little | LRC |
| Crimean Gothic: | lista | adj | too little; least: smallest | CGo |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | liels | adj | big | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | limos | n.masc | hunger | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sup | = | superlative |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
